184 ftEPO&TS ON THE STATE OF SCtEtfCE. 



females In 1909. We may perhaps assume that in both cases the 

 amount of 160Z. is reached by men on an average between twenty-five 

 and thirty-five years of age, and that the great majority of the women 

 in Class 10 receive less than 160Z. This gives 11, 000± 3,000 in 

 Class 10, and we will put their average at 1001. ±101. Similarly 

 we get in Class 11, for the men 20,000 ±8,000, with an average of 

 90Z.±40Z., and for the women and girls 39,000±2,000, with an average 

 of 702. ±30Z. 



Class 11a includes showmen and others, some of whom are not 

 manual workers employed by others, and we give a rough estimate in 

 the table, p. 195. 



Class^ 12. — This small class of 9,000 merchants may be taken as 

 contributing nothing appreciable to our intermediate group. 



Class 13. — Brokers. — Among brokers, auctioneers, and accountants, 

 when clerks are excluded, there can be little doubt that the majority 

 pay income-tax. It will probably be safe to take the age correspond- 

 ing to such payment as thirty years, with a wide margin, and so 

 obtain 13,000 ± 5,000 men at an income of 120Z. ±30Z., there being 

 relatively few under twenty years old; we have also to include 2,000 

 women. 



Class 14. Commercial travellers and salesmen. — From informa- 

 tion received from the United Kingdom Commercial Travellers' Associa- 

 tion and from the Commercial Travellers' Benevolent Institution, it 

 appears that there are from 30,000 to 50,000 men who satisfy the 

 definition of ' a person engaged in representing a manufacturer, 

 merchant, or wholesale house for the purpose of securing orders.' Of 

 these it is supposed that about 75 per cent, make over 160Z. There 

 remain from 60,000 to 40,000 other persons included in the census as 

 travellers. These are probably engaged in canvassing for retail firms, 

 and for other subordinate purposes, and it is probable that the great, 

 majority make well under 160Z. We may expect that there are from 

 30,000 to 50,000 in all who make over 160Z. , but in view of the uncertainty 

 as to this denomination we had better take the margin as ± 15,000, 

 while the number is taken as 52,000. As regards the average income 

 it must be remembered that a very great majority of these are over 

 twenty years, and are in a position superior to that of a shop assistant. 

 We may therefore take their income as 100Z.± 30Z. 



In Class 15, officers of societies and companies, we will take it that 

 the great majority have an income-taxpaying income. 



Class 16. Commercial and industrial clerks. — We have returns 

 which are given in some detail in the tables on pages 186 and 187, from 

 102 firms carrying on a great variety of businesses scattered throughout 

 the kingdom, and of very different sizes. These firms employ about 

 16,000 male clerks, and about 2,600 girls and women. This 

 number of clerks, and still more the number of firms, seem at first 

 sight ridiculously inadequate for our purposes, in view of the facts 

 that there are over 300,000 employers in our Class 25, a large 

 proportion of whom presumably employ one or more clerks, and 

 there are 480,000 persons to be accounted for under the heading. 

 But it often happens that quite a small sample is sufficient 

 to give a measurement, which, though not exact, at any rate has 



