ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN CRETE. 235 



was a Dorian invasion, it appears to have made its entry on the south 

 coast into Selino, where the brachycephal outnumbers the dolichocephal 

 by three to one, and into Spr&kia, where the ratio is three to two, and 

 86 out of 284 men are over 1,700 mm. in height. The tall dolicho- 

 cephal of the west exceeds the long-head of the east in stature by at 

 least 40 mm. A careful comparison of numbers and percentages of 

 both tall and short dolichocephals and tall and short brachycephals 

 throughout the island reveals an abnormal number of tall dolichocephals 

 in Kydhonia and the neighbouring region. In other words, everywhere 

 else the ratio of tall long-heads to short long-heads and of tall broad- 

 heads to short broad-heads is approximately the same ; here the tall 

 dolichocephal is to the short dolichocephal as 50 to 1. Is this due to 

 differences of soil, fertility, a better-watered country, or to special social 

 conditions? After careful consideration I do not think so. The sug- 

 gestion has been made that the great stature of Kentucky men is due 

 to the bone-building qualities of water in a limestone region; but in 

 Crete, speaking generally, it is the east that is a limestone district, while 

 the west is composed of talc-schists. 



Nor do I think it necessary to call in an invasion of tall long-heads. 

 May not the Kydhom'ans, whom Homer (Od. xix. 176) mentions as 

 one of the peoples inhabiting Crete, have been taller than the Eteocretans 

 of the eastern half, whose stature we have established as 1,625 mm.? 

 We know that a branch of the Mediterranean race, called by Dr. 

 Deniker the Atlanto-Mediterranean, was of greater stature than the rest. 

 The western end of the island is as yet an archaeological blank, well- 

 nigh until classical times. We have no ancient skulls or bones from 

 the west, saving a tiny fragment from a pavilion-shaped tomb belong- 

 ing to the end of the Minoan era. 



The records of stature for Kydhonia are striking. One hundred and 

 sixty-seven men from the whole of the eparchy average 1,723 mm. 

 (5 feet 7J inches); 67 dolichocephals average 1,740 mm. (5 feet 

 8J- inches), of whom 25 exceed 5 feet 9 inches in stature. Out of the 

 167 persons there is but one short dolichocephal (under 1,650 mm.), 

 and in the neighbouring eparchy of Selino out of 83 there is not even 

 one. This tall dolichocephal also exists to the number of 39 out of 

 284 persons measured in Sphakia. It seems much more likely, con- 

 sidering the isolation, pride of endogamy, and bellicose nature of the 

 Sphakiots, that these tall long-heads are the remnants of an earlier 

 race rather than intruders since the Sphakiots themselves. 



Turning to Sitia in the extreme east, where a moderate upland 

 presents no sharp contrast of mountain and plain, where the brachy- 

 cephals outnumber the dolichocephals by nearly five to two — a com- 

 plete reversal of the time when the Minoan dolichocephals were to the 

 brachycephals as eight to one — the increase in stature of the modern 

 long-head is not great (1,625 to 1,663), and he is exceeded in stature 

 by the intruding Asiatic brachycephal, whose stature is 1,678 mm. 



To sum up, among modern Cretans the dolichocephals are generally 

 taller than the brachycephals. The dolichocephals in the mountains 

 are taller than their ancestors, the Minoans, who lived by the sea. 



