ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN CRETE. 237 



APPENDIX II. 



Observations on 104 School-children at Vori and at Palailiast.ro in Crete. 

 By W. L. H. Duckworth, M.D., Sc.D. 



Contents. 



PARR 



Introduction 237 



A. Boys : — I. Hair ; II. Eyes ; III. Head - length ; IV. Head - Breadth ; 



V. Cephalic Index ; VI. Variability 23 S 



B. Girls ;— I. Hair ; II. Eyes ; III. Head - length ; IV. Head - Breadth ; 



V. Cephalic Index (a) ; VI. Cephalic Index (b) 214 



Measurements— Names, etc. 2i7 



In the course of a journey in 1903 from Candia to Palaikastro, in 

 Crete, I had the opportunity of measuring and observing a number of 

 school-children (fifty-nine boys and twenty-five girls) at Vori, a small 

 village distant about five miles from the southern coast of the island, 

 near the traditional site of ' Fair-Havens,' and about two miles from 

 the well-known prehistoric site called Phaestus. Later on, in the 

 same year, I supplemented these measurements by the addition of 

 twenty more records for schoolboys of corresponding age at Palaikastro, 

 or, to he more strictly accurate, at Angathi, the neighbouring village. 

 one of the most eastern settlements in Crete. A preliminary report 

 was submitted to the Committee in 1903, and published by the British 

 Association in the Southport volume of its Proceedings. In the pre- 

 sent report I have worked out the data more fully than was possible 

 in 1903, and in this instalment I shall deal principally with the data 

 relating to Cretan boys, since they were the more numerous ; moreover, 

 comparisons with adult males are more easily made; and, lastly, it is 

 interesting to compare the results with those obtained by me last year, 

 in the south of Aragon, in Spain, from one hundred schoolboys of 

 comparable age. For the publication of the records from Spain I am 

 indebted to the Council of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. 



Little need be said about the conditions of life in Crete and the 

 character of the land, for recent writers have dealt sufficiently with 

 these questions. I may, however, state that my impressions lead me 

 to believe that these conditions are not very different in Crete and in 

 Aragon. At the same time I must add that both the Cretan villages 

 visited are within the zone of malaria, that I saw undoubted cases of 

 the sequels of malaria supervening in childhood, and that this liability, 

 which is probably minimal, or absent, in the part of Aragon available for 

 comparison, is important in its relation to, and effects upon, physical 

 development. In this connection special mention is made of the fact 

 that the physique of these Cretan children is frequently, if not univer- 

 sally, poor, and often a boy was found to claim an age in years greater 

 by about 30 per cent, than that whicn we would have assigned to a 

 British boy of similar stature and physical development. The relative 

 poorness of the food, both in quantity and quality, taken together with 

 their unavoidable exposure to extremes of temperature according to 

 the season (for the winter is often severe in Crete), contributes to a 

 combination of circumstances with which this deficiency in corporeal 

 development can be justly cbarged. 



1910. a 



