252 REPORTS ON THE STATE OP SCIENCE. 



Dr. Duckworth suggests that the broader heads of the Sitians, as 

 compared with their neighbours of Central Crete, are due to the 

 Venetians and their levies of Dalmatians and Illyrians. I have hinted 

 that this broadening influence may come from Asia Minor. 



The best test that we can apply to Dr. Duckworth's theory is to 

 select Cretans of to-day bearing Venetian names, and compare them 

 anthropometrically with the peoples of Venetia, Dalmatia, and Illyria. 

 It is by no means an easy task to decide which are Venetian names under 

 their Cretan disguise; and, again, a name which looks Italian may have 

 a similar derivation in both Greek and Latin. But there are certain 

 well-known Venetian names, such as Cornaro, Dandolo, Dafermo, 

 Modano, Kallergi, "Markantonio, and Eenero, which may be easily 

 recognised. Examples of others which appear among Cretan cognomens 

 to-day, but which are not so familiar, at any rate in their Cretan dress, 

 are Kavvalos, Maniadhes, Perakis, Printalos, Saloustros, Soultatos, and 

 Frantzeskos. For many of these I am indebted to Mr. Xanthoudides, 

 the Assistant Ephor of Antiquities at Candia. Perhaps in all I have 

 recognised about 70 different Venetian names. There are possibly more 

 which might yield to a close philological study, and perhaps some 

 additions from these should be made to my totals. Out of a total of 

 2,298 Cretan men measured throughout Crete by me, 150 bore Venetian 

 names, i.e., 6h per cent. If we make further additions, I do not think 

 that this figure would exceed 8 per cent. I believe that my figures fully 

 represent the case. Mr. Xanthoudides was good enough to go through 

 the lists of voters of several demes with me, selecting Venetian names, 

 and in comparing the most populous deme I find that my proportion 

 of Venetian names in that deme among the measured is 11$ per cent, 

 more than the proportion among the voters, showing that I had culti- 

 vated, or happened upon, the Venetian element. Such a comparatively 

 high percentage will cause surprise when we consider the history of the 

 Venetian occupation, the dislike of the Venetian settlers for a country 

 life among a hostile people continually given to revolution, their deser- 

 tion of their estates for a city life, a process hastened by the long sieges 

 of Canea and Candia, and the ultimate surrender and withdrawal. If 

 we want to get an idea of the process, we have only to turn to Crete 

 to-day, where we may see it going on, only under a peaceful guise. 

 The Mussulmans, who numbered 73,234 in 1881, had dwindled in 

 1900 to 33,496, and in 1910 they have probably lost another 50 per 

 cent. In 1881 they occupied farms in the country districts in their 

 thousands, as the census shows. By 1900 these thousands had fled 

 to the seaport towns and to Asia Minor, leaving but a few hundreds in 

 the country regions, mainly within a few hours' ride of Candia. And 

 the steady flight continues; so that, were Crete given up to Greece, 

 there is no doubt that the Mussulmans, though mainly of Cretan blood, 

 would leave but a few hundreds to represent the Turkish occupation of 

 the island. 



It is, therefore, somewhat surprising to find, on estimate, that there 

 are perhaps 20,000 out of 300,000 Cretans with Venetian names. The 

 late Dr. Jannaris, the well-known philogist, would admit to me no 

 claims of Cretans to Venetian descent outside of the three or four well- 



