448 REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE. 



solubility of sugar in dilute aqueous alcohol. (W = grms. water; 

 S = grms. subst. dissolved.) 



The solubility of various substances, mostly organic compounds, 



such as p-acettoluidide, a acetnaphthalide, phenylurea, &c, in aqueous 



alcohol at 25° C, was determined by Anlnscli. 223 When the 



results were expressed as solubility graphs very complicated 



relationships were found which did not admit of any generalisation. 



Holleman and Antusch 220 found that when water is added to 

 alcoholic solutions of such non -electrolytes as benzoylphenylhydrazine. 

 acetanilide, benzamide, &c, the solubility of these substances increases 

 to a maximum, then decreases (vide Section VIII.) 



V. 0. — Influence of other Substances. 



(ii) Non-electrolytes influenced by Electrolytes, and Electrolytes influenced 



by Non-electrolytes. 



Q Dalton 4 established the fact that a liquid absorbed each con- 



stituent of a gaseous mixture as if the others were not present, 

 thus obeying the law of summation previously found by him (vide 

 Section III. A.) 



Probably owing to its bearing upon physiological questions, the 

 absorption of gases by aqueous salt solutions formed the subject of 

 inquiry at a very early date, and will account for the fact that the gas 

 chiefly studied was carbon dioxide. One of the earliest recorded studies 

 was by Pagenstechen, 9 showing that a solution of sodium phos- 

 phate absorbed more carbon dioxide than did water alone. This 

 1846. i n q U i r y was carried further by Marchand, 1 * and also by Liebig, 15 

 1851. wri0 conc luded that only a part of the gas dissolved as in water, 



1857. the remainder interacting chemically with the salt. Similar 

 conclusions to these were arrived at by L. Meyer, 26 and in the 



1858. following year by Fernet*. 26 



,r> R -l Schiff 32 made a general investigation of the solubility of salts 



in aqueous alcohol, but could trace no relationship between the 

 decreased solubility and the amount of alcohol added. This problem 

 18fi( - was attacked later by Gerardin 39 with but little better success, 

 ' although he ascertained that the character of the solubility- 

 temperature graph was the same for aqueous alcohol as for water. 

 Working with calcium oxide and barium oxide, and ascertaining the 

 solubility of these substances in aqueous solutions of carbon dioxide, 

 Schloessing 51 formulated the law that the values of the tension 

 of carbon dioxide and the weight of bicarbonate in solution form 

 two geometrical progressions of different roots. 



i R7i Caustic soda and caustic potash were found by Raoult 53 



' materially to decrease the solubility of ammonia in water; also, 

 that ammonium chloride exerted a similar but smaller influence, while 

 the presence of calcium nitrate caused a considerable increase of solu- 

 bility. In all these cases the effect produced was proportional to the 

 quantity of salt present in solution. 



* This work was continued also by Heidenhain and L. Meyer (1863). 34 J 



