450 REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE. 



and in aqueous solutions of cane sugar and a number of salts at various 

 concentrations. When his results were compared he was unable to 

 discern any relationship between the various substances examined. 

 Cane sugar appeared particularly active in diminishing the solubility of 

 hydrogen in water. 



The general results are contrary to the requirements of Nernst's 

 theory, because the molecular lowering of the solubility coefficient is 

 greatest for dilute solutions. 



The solubility of ozone in acidulated water was found by VAbbi 

 Mailfert 227 to be the same as in pure water up to 20° C. ; above this 

 temperature it becomes greater than in pure water. 

 1895 Goldschmidt 2;<6 discussed the question of the increase in the 



solubility of a hydrated salt on the addition of a non-electrolyte. 

 He deduced theoretically an expression for this increase, and found it to 

 be independent of the nature of the non-electrolyte. When tested experi- 

 mentally with sodium p-nitrophenoxide in pure water and in equi- 

 molecular solutions of carbamide, glycerol, acetone, and several other 

 substances, each was found to bring about an equal molecular increase 

 of solubility.* 



Further results of solubility determinations of gases in aqueous salt 

 solutions were furnished by Gordon. 23 " In this work nitrous oxide and 

 solutions of the chlorides and sulphates of the alkali and alkaline earth 

 metals were employed. The results obtained by this worker, together 

 with those recorded by Sterner, were used by Jahn in arriving at an 

 empirical law connecting the solubility of a gas and the concentration of 

 salt in solution in the solvent (vide Section VIII.). 



V. C. — Infaience of other Substances. 

 (iii) Electrolytes influenced by Electrolytes. 



Kopp 10 was probably the first to institute systematic experiments on 

 1840 ^ ne i n fl uence OI one salt on the solubility of another where no 



mutual action took place. He found a salt decreased the solu- 

 bility of a second salt. This subject was more fully investigated by 

 -.-,.. Karsten, 11 who distinguished three cases in the behaviour of 



saturated salt solutions towards other salts. 

 iqrc Pf a ff 2i studied the influence on one salt of the solubility of 



another in water — copper sulphate and sodium sulphate, mag- 

 nesium sulphate, and sodium sulphate — and could detect no relationship 

 between the solubility of a salt in water and the amount of it that dis- 

 solves in water containing another salt in solution. The line of work 

 iqcc taken up by Kopp and by Karsten was continued by Hauer,* 1 

 iocq w ho showed, more especially in a later publication, 44 that if one 



salt is added in sufficient excess to a solution of another salt, it 

 is sometimes able wholly to displace the other from solution, provided 

 the salts are isomorphous. 



* This work was continued by Lowenherz, in who examined the influence exerted 

 by carbamide on the solubility of hydrated sodium sulphate. 



