690 



TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION P. 



Table IV. shows certain industries where many men between the ages 25-35 

 have apparently entered the industry during the ten years' interval, in addition 

 to those who have moved up from the age group 15-25. 



The industries of England may be roughly divided into two groups which 

 we will call the walled and unwalled. In the walled industries, such as those 

 in Tables IT. and III., previous training is needed, and entrance after the age 

 of twenty-five is abnormal. In the unwalled industries little or no previous 

 training is needed. Entrance into them after twenty-five years of age is very 

 common. In Table IV. we have instances of unwalled industries, and also in 

 Table I. numbers VI., XII., XIII. , > and XXI. 



It is these same unwalled industries which, according to the Poor Law report, 

 suffer most from under-employment and casual labour. 



It may be conjectured that many men, thanks to economic transformations, 

 are driven out of the walled industries and find refuge in the unwalled. 



Surplus pools of labour are found in the unwalled industries, not because 

 of competition, but because a surplus supply of labour finds refuge in such 

 unwalled industries when displaced from the walled. 



Relation of this theory to that of Mr. Beveridge. 



Connection between boy labour and the under-employment of adult male 

 labour. 



TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 0. 

 The following Papers were read : — 



1. Notes on the History of Sheffield Wages. By George Hy. Wood, F.S.S. 



The paper reviewed the course of wages in various trades in Sheffield with 

 the object of pointing to the gaps in the information and of urging that an 

 investigation should be made into the history of wages in Sheffield, particularly 

 in those trades which, like file-making and cutlery, may be regarded as particular 

 to the locality. 



The course of wages in certain staple trades carried on in Sheffield has been 

 (1883=100) :— 



