816 TRANSACTIONS OP SECTION L. 



Conducting School Gardening. — There must be co-operation between pupils 

 and teachers. The practical operations of preparing and cultivating the soil, 

 planting the seed, &c, devolve on the scholars. Scope for the directive, stimu- 

 lative, educative influence of the teacher find a field here for securing skill and 

 interest. 



Observations on the first appearance of seed leaves, buds, where the buds 

 grow, and how they open, visite of bees and other insects, where nectar is stored, 

 colours of flowers, what parts of them fall off and what parts remain, weed 

 studies, names and families of garden weeds, bulb culture, planting of bulbs for 

 spring bloom, planting in pots for indoor winter blooming, setting out tulip bed 

 in school grounds — all full of interest, full of instruction, in which help given 

 and help got will ever be a pleasant and profitable experience to all concerned. 



4. A Training College under Canvas. 1 By Professor Mark E. Wright. 



5. The Agency of Notations in the Development of the Brain. 

 By Miss A. D. Butcher. 



In this paper the following matters were referred to : The retention of the 

 present relations between the spoken and the written expression of sense ; the 

 restoration of those relations which have been obscured by the vicissitudes 

 attending the development of the human race; the opinion of Victor Egger ; 

 language in its origin has nothing to do with sound — it is a state ' un mode de 

 moi-meme'; English ideography; sign, sound, and sense in the same symbol; 

 man a silent reading animal ; description of orthoepic notation ; the digraph 

 character of English print ; international ideographs ; printing reform before 

 spelling reform ; the proportionate value of phonetic elements ; the anomaly of a 

 fifteenth-century print in the twentieth century; the economy of nervous force in 

 teacher and pupil; orthotype in the kindergarten; the importance of printing 

 reform from a commercial point of view ; English the Esperanto of the future. 



6. On some Effects of the Extension of the Elementary School System on the 

 English Character. By S. F. Wilson. 



This paper dealt with the following subjects : Prevailing dissatisfaction with 

 the results of general and compulsory education in England ; elementary educa- 

 tion in England one of the most difficult problems ever raised in any country; 

 the relation of natural education to school education : brief history of the latter 

 during the last eighty years ; natural inequality of children insufficiently re- 

 cognised ; limits of teaching by verbal concepts ; importance of psychological 

 atavism; effects of the scientific interpretation of Nature on elementary teaching; 

 the effects of the elementary school on political and social controversy and 

 reform ; the present deadlock in legislation regulating the status of the elementary 

 school ; the necessity of improved ideals and methods in the elementary school. 



Joint Discussion with Section I on Speech. 



(i) The Evolution of Speech and Speech Centres. By Dr. Albert A. Gray. 



Speech develops as a result of hearing, hence it is not surprising that the 

 centre in the brain for the understanding of speech is in close proximity to that 

 for the sense of hearing, and, indeed, may for some purposes be considered as 

 part of that centre. The centre for the understanding of speech, however, is 

 limited to the left side, while that for hearing is found on both sides of the brain. 

 The centre for hearing is termed the audito-sensory centre, and that for the 



> Published in The School World, October, 1910, 



