ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 117 



of the individual, and secondarily to the perpetuation of the species; 

 and of the conduct relating to the welfare of the individual that 

 which relates to property has an overwhelming predominance. 



In the earliest stages of society small wealth is accumulated, and 

 industries for the production of property and wealth are compara- 

 tively undeveloped. In the higher stages of society greatly accu- 

 mulated wealth is found, and industries are differentiated and in- 

 dustrial organizations multiplied beyond all others. As, therefore, 

 the organs of government must be adapted to its functions, the plan 

 of government in such a state must be based upon property. Thus 

 property, society, and national government are constituted. 



In kinship states the fundamental classification of the people for 

 the purposes of government is by kindred ; in property states the 

 fundamental classification of the people for purposes of government 

 is by territory. Between these stages — the lowest and the highest — 

 many intermediate forms are found. No hard and fast lines can be 

 drawn. A clear distinction can be made only between the lowest 

 and the highest. Survivals of kinship society exist in all govern- 

 ments where position, t. <?., office, in the government is hereditary, 

 while property society with the government of the highest civiliza- 

 tion is reached only by republics. 



The history of the constitution of the state is the history of the 

 evolution of kinship society into property society. 



There is yet another way by which this evolution may be charac- 

 terized, namely, by the progressing differentiation of the organs of 

 the state, and by the progressing integration of states. The dif- 

 erentiation of organs in the state is represented in three ways : 



First, by the multiplication of organs of government. 



Second, by the multiplication of the orders of units and the 

 specialization of the subordinate units so that subordinate organiza- 

 tions perform special functions. Thus cities may be divided into 

 wards, counties into towns. 



Third, by the multiplication of corporations for specific purposes. 

 Such organizations in the lowest stages of society appear only in a 



