ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 



to discover its origin in combination as they have in English. 

 It may or may not have been an original grammatic process, 

 but because of its importance in certain languages it has been 

 found necessary to deal with it as a distinct and original 

 process. 



III. The process by intonation. In English, new words 

 are not formed by this method, yet words are intoned for 

 certain purposes, chiefly rhetorical. We use the rising in- 

 tonation (or inflection, as it is usually called) to indicate 

 that a question is asked, and various effects are given to 

 speech by the various intonations of rhetoric. But this pro- 

 cess is used in other languages to form new words with 

 which to express new ideas. In Chinese eight distinct into- 

 nations are found, by the use of which one word may be 

 made to express eight different ideas, or perhaps it is better 

 to say that eight words may be made of one. 

 . IV. The process by placement. The place or position of 

 a word may affect its significant use. Thus in English we 

 say " John struck James." By the position of those words 

 to each other we know that John is the actor, and that James 

 receives the action. 



By the grammatic processes language is organized. Or- 

 ganization postulates the differentiation of organs and their 

 combination into integers. The integers of language are 

 sentences, and their organs are the parts of speech. Lin- 

 guistic organization, then, consists in the differentiation of 

 the parts of speech and the integration of the sentence. 

 For example, let us take the words John, father, and love. 

 John is the name of an individual ; love is the name of a 

 mental action, and father the name of a person. We put 

 them together, John loves father, and they express a thought ; 

 John becomes a noun, and is the subject of the sentences ; 

 love becomes a verb, and is the predicant ; father a noun, 

 and is the object ; and we now have an organized sentence. 

 A sentence requires parts of speech, and parts of speech are 

 such because they are used as the organic elements of a 

 sentence. 



