ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43 



his eye, &c, as the case may be. If the Indian, in naming 

 these parts, refers to his own body, he says my ; if he refers 

 to the body of the person to whom he is speaking, he says 

 your, &c. If an Indian should find a detached foot thrown 

 from the amputating-table of an army field hospital, he 

 would say something like this : " I have found somebody 

 his foot." The linguistic characteristic is widely spread, 

 though not universal. 



Thus the Indian has no command of a fully differentiated 

 noun expressive of " eye," " hand," " arm," or other parts 

 and organs of the body. 



In the pronouns we often have the most difficult part of 

 an Indian language. Pronouns are only to a limited extent 

 independent words. 



Amon*g the free pronouns the student must early learn to 

 distinguish between the personal and the demonstrative. 

 The demonstrative pronouns are more commonly used. The 

 Indian is more accustomed to say this person or thing, that 

 person or thing, than he, she, or it. Among the free personal 

 pronouns the studens may find an equivalent of the pronoun 

 " I," another signifying " I and you ; " perhaps another sig- 

 nifying " I and he," and one signifying " we," more than two, 

 including the speaker and those present ; and another inclu- 

 ding the speaker and persons absent. He will also find 

 personal pronouns in the second and third person, perhaps 

 with singular, dual, and plural forms. 



To a large extent the pronouns are incorporated in the 

 verbs as prefixes, infixes, or suffixes. In such "cases w r e wall 

 call them article pronouns. These article pronouns point 

 out with great particularity the person, number, and gender, 

 both of subject and object, and sometimes of the indirect 

 object. When the article pronouns are used the personal 

 pronouns may or may not be used ; but it is believed that 

 the personal pronouns will always be found. Article pro- 

 nouns may not always be found. In those languages which 

 are characterized by them they are used alike when the 

 subject and object nouns are expressed and when they are 



