ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45 



particles, but are toa greater or lesser extent compound; their 

 omnipotent elements may be broken apart and placed in dif- 

 ferent parts of the verb. Again, the article pronoun in some 

 languages may have its elements combined into a distinct 

 word in such a manner that it will not bo incorporated in 

 the verb, but will be placed immediately before it. For this 

 reason the term "article pronoun" has been chosen rather 

 than "attached pronoun." The older term, transition, was 

 given to them because of their analogy in function to verbal 

 inflections. 



Thus the verb of an Indian language contains within 

 itself incorporated article pronouns which point out with 

 great particularity the gender, number, and person of the 

 subject and object. In this manner verb, pronoun, and ad- 

 jective are combined, and to this extent these parts of speech 

 are undifferentiated. 



In some languages the article pronoun constitutes a dis- 

 tinct word, but whether free or incorporated it is a complex 

 tissue of adjectives. 



Again, nouns sometimes contain particles within them- 

 selves to predicate possession, and to this extent nouns and 

 verbs are undifferentiated. 



The verb is relatively of much greater importance in an 

 Indian tongue than in a civilized language. To a large ex- 

 tent the pronoun is incorporated in the verb as explained 

 above, and thus constitutes a part of its conjugation. 



Again, adjectives are used as intransitive verbs, as in most 

 Indian languages there is no verb "to be" used as a predi- 

 cant or copula. Where in English we would say "the man 

 is good," the Indian would say " that man good," using the 

 adjective as an intransitive verb, i. e., as a predicant. If he 

 desired to affirm it in the past tense, the intransitive verb 

 "good" would be inflected, or otherwise modified, to indi- 

 cate the tense; and so, in like manner, all adjectives when 

 used to. predicate can be modified to indicate mode, tense, 

 number, person, &c, as other intransitive verbs. 



Adverbs are used as intransitive verbs. In English we 



