46 TRANSACTIONS OF THE 



may say " he is there ;" the Indian would say " that person 

 there," usually preferring the demonstrative to the personal 

 pronoun. The adverb "there" would, therefore, be used as 

 a predicant or intransitive verb, and might be conjugated 

 to denote different modes, tenses, numbers, persons, &c. 

 Verbs will often receive adverbial qualifications by the use 

 of incorporated particles, and still further, verbs may con- 

 tain within themselves adverbial limitations without our 

 being able to trace such meanings to any definite particles 

 or parts of the verb. 



Prepositions are intransitive verbs. In English we may 

 say "the hat is on the table;" the Indian would say "that 

 hat on table ;" or he might change the order and say " that 

 hat table on ;" but the preposition " on " would be used as an 

 intransitive verb to predicate, and may be conjugated. Prep- 

 ositions may often be found as particles incorported in verbs, 

 and still further, verbs may contain within themselves prep- 

 ositional meanings without our being able to trace such 

 meanings to any definite particles within the verb. But the 

 verb connotes such ideas that something is needed to com- 

 plete its meaning, that something being a limiting or quali- 

 fying word, phrase, or clause. Prepositions may be prefixed, 

 infixed, or suffixed to nouns; i. e., they may be particles in- 

 corporated in nouns. 



Nouus may be used as intransitive verbs under the cir- 

 cumstances when in English we would use a noun as the 

 complement of a sentence after the verb "to be." 



The verb, therefore, often includes within itself subject, 

 direct object, indirect object, qualifier, and relation-idea. 

 Thus it is that the study of an Indian language is, to a 

 large extent, the study of its verbs. 



Thus adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and nouns are used 

 as intransitive verbs; and, to such extent, adjectives, ad- 

 verbs, prepositions, nouns, and verbs are undifferentiated. 



From the remarks above, it will be seen that Indian verbs 

 often include within themselves meanings which in English 

 are expressed by adverbs and adverbial phrases and clauses. 



