ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47 



Thus the verb may express within itself direction, manner, 

 instrument, and purpose, one or all, as the verb " to go " may 

 be represented by a word signifying "go home"; another, 

 " go away from home " ; another, " go to a place other than 

 home"; another, "go from a place other than home"; one, 

 " go from this place," without reference to home ; one, " to 

 go up"; another, "to go down"; one, "go around"; and, 

 perhaps, there will be a verb "go up hill"; another, "go up 

 a valley"; another, "go up a river," &c. Then we may 

 have " to go on foot," " to go on horseback," " to go in a 

 canoe"; still another, "to go for water;" another, "for 

 wood," &c. Distinct words may be used for all these, or a 

 fewer number used, and these varied by incorporated 

 particles. In like manner, the English verb " to break " 

 may be represented by several words, each of which will 

 indicate the manner of performing the act or the instru- 

 ment with which it is done. Distinct words may be used, 

 or a common word varied with incorporated particles. 



The verb "to strike" may be represented by several 

 words, signifying severally " to strike with the fist," " to 

 strike with a club," " to strike with the open hand," " to 

 strike with a whip," " to strike with a switch," " to strike 

 with a flat instrument," &c. A common word may be used 

 with incorporated particles or entirely different words used. 



Mode in an Indian tongue is a rather difficult subject. 

 Modes analogous to those of civilized tongues are found, and 

 many conditions and qualifications appear in the verb which 

 in English and other civilized languages appear as adverbs, 

 and adverbial phrases and clauses. No plane of separation 

 can be drawn between such adverbial qualifications and 

 true modes. Thus there may be a form of the verb 

 which shows that the speaker makes a declaration as cer- 

 tain, i. e., an indicative mode; another which shows that the 

 speaker makes a declaration with doubt, i. e., a dubitative 

 mode; another that he makes a declaration on hearsa}^, i. e., 

 a quotative mode; another form will be used -in making a 

 command, giving an imperative mode ; another in implora- 



