48 TRANSACTIONS OF THE 



tions, i. e., an implorative mode ; another form to denote per- 

 mission, i. e., a permissive mode; another in negation, i. e., a 

 negative mode; another form will be used to indicate that 

 the action is simultaneous with some other action, i. c, a 

 simulative mode; another to denote desire or wish that 

 something be done, i. e., a desideraiive mode; another that 

 the action ought to be done, i. e., an obligative mode ; an- 

 other that action is repetitive from time to time, i. e., a fre- 

 quentative mode ; another that action is caused, i. e. ; a causa- 

 tive mode, etc. 



These forms of the verb, which we are compelled to call 

 modes, are of great number. Usually with each of them a 

 particular modal particle or incorporated adverb will be 

 used ; but the particular particle which gives the qualified 

 meaning may not always be discovered; and in one lan- 

 guage a different word will be introduced where in another 

 the same word will be used with an incorporated particle. 



It is stated above that incorporated particles may be used 

 to indicate direction, manner, instrument, and purpose; in 

 fact, any adverbial qualification whatever may be made by 

 an incorporated particle instead of an adverb as a distinct 

 word. 



No line of demarkation can be drawn between these ad- 

 verbial particles and those mentioned above as modal parti- 

 cles. Indeed, it seems best to treat all these forms of the 

 verb arising from incorporated particles as distinct modes. 

 In this sense, then, an Indian language has a multiplicity of 

 modes. It should be further remarked that in many cases 

 these modal or adverbial particles are excessively worn, so 

 that they may appear as additions or changes of simple 

 vowel or consonant sounds. When incorporated particles 

 are thus used, distinct adverbial words, phrases, or clauses 

 may also be employed, and the idea expressed twice. 



In an Indian language it is usually found difficult to elab- 

 orate a system of tenses in paradigmatic form. Many tenses 

 or time particles are found incorporated in verbs. Some of 



