ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49 



these time particles are excessively worn, and may appear 

 rather as inflections than as incorporated particles. Usually 

 rather distinct present, past, and future tenses are discovered ; 

 often a remote or ancient past, and less often an immediate 

 future. But great specification of time in relation to the 

 present and in relation to other times is usually found. 



It was seen above that adverbial particles cannot be sepa- 

 rated from modal particles. In like manner tense particles 

 cannot be separated from adverbial and modal particles. 



In an Indian language adverbs are differentiated only to 

 a limited extent. Adverbial qualifications are found in the 

 verb, and thus there are a multiplicity of modes and tenses, 

 and no plane of demarkation can be drawn between mode 

 and tense. From preceding statements it will appear that a 

 verb in an Indian tongue may have incorporated with it a 

 great variety of particles, which can be arranged in three 

 general classes, i. e. pronominal, adverbial, and preposi- 

 tional. 



The pronominal particles we have called article pronouns ; 

 they serve to point out a variety of characteristics in the 

 subject, object, and indirect object of the verb. They thus 

 subserve purposes which in English are subserved by differ- 

 entiated adjectives as distinct parts of speech. The}' might, 

 therefore, with some propriety, have been called adjective 

 particles, but these elements perform another function ; they 

 serve the purpose which is usually called " agreement in lan- 

 guage ; " that is, they make the verb agree with the subject 

 and object, and this indicate the syntactic relation between 

 subject, object, and verb. In this sense they might with 

 propriety have been called relation particles, and doubtless 

 this function was in mind when some of the older gramma- 

 rians called them transitions. 



The adverbial particles perform the functions of voice, 

 mode, and tense, together with many other functions that 

 are performed in languages spoken by more highly civilized 

 people by differentiated adverbs, adverbial phrases, and 

 clauses. 

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