100 TRANSACTIONS OF THE 



their tribal existence with the Cherokees. A number of 

 Shawnees who, just prior to and during the late rebellion, 

 wandered off to Texas and Mexico, returned after the war 

 and were provided with a separate home in Indian Territory, 

 under the name of "Absentee Shawnees." These latter, 

 together with those confederated with the Senecas in the 

 northeastern part of Indian Territory, are all of the once 

 powerful " Massawomekes " now left to maintain the tribal 

 name of " Shawnee." 



Civilization. 

 By M. B. W. HOUGH. 



The aim of this paper seemed to be chiefly to enforce the 

 truth which is embodied in the adage, caelum non animum 

 mutant qui trans mare currunt. There is a succession of 

 qualities practically parallel with the current of life. Cul- 

 ture to be successful with a people must be adapted to their 

 character. The mere communication of knowledge will 

 not civilize a race. Civilization must be inherent and there- 

 fore of slow development. So long as the features of the 

 ancestor are repeated in his descendants, will the traits of 

 his character reappear. Language may change, customs be 

 left behind, races may migrate from place to place, and sub- 

 sist on whatever the country they occupy affords, but their 

 fundamental characteristics will survive, these are compara- 

 tively uninfluenced by the mere accidents of nutrition. 



Mr. Hough then proceeded to consider some of the elements 

 of civilization, among which he recognizes marriage, war, 

 slavery, caste, a measure of value, money, &c, each of 

 which he treated at length. Any form of marriage is better 

 than no marriage ; polygamy even has its advantages as a 

 system of marriage. War laid the foundation for landed pro- 

 prietorship, which, whatever its present or future evils, has 

 been in the past a powerful engine of progress. Slavery even 



