ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 125 



the aggregate has been integration by progress toward unity 

 of speech, and differentiation (which must always be distin- 

 guished from multiplication) by specialization of the gram- 

 matic processes and the development of the parts of speech. 



When a people once homogeneous are separated geograph- 

 ically in such a manner that thorough inter-eommunication 

 is no longer preserved, all of the agencies by which lan- 

 guages change act separately in the distinct communities 

 and produce different changes therein and dialects are estab- 

 lished. If the separation continues such dialects become 

 distinct languages in the sense that the people of one com- 

 munity are unable to understand the people of another. 

 But such a development of languages is not differentiation 

 in the sense in which this term is here used and often used 

 in biology, but is analogous to multiplication as understood 

 in biology. The differentiation of an organ is its develop- 

 ment for a special purpose, i, e., the organic specialization is 

 concomitant with functional specialization. When paws are 

 differentiated into hands and feet, with the differentiation 

 of the organs there is a concomitant differentiation in the 

 functions. 



When one language becomes two, the same function is 

 performed by each and is marked by the* fundamental 

 characteristic of multiplication, i. e., degradation ; for the 

 people originally able to communicate with each other can 

 no longer thus communicate ; so that two languages do not 

 serve as valuable a purpose as one. And further, neither of 

 the two languages has made the progress one would have 

 made, for one would have been developed sufficiently to 

 s.erve all the purposes of the united peoples in the larger 

 area inhabited by them, and, ceteris paribus, the language 

 spoken by many people scattered over a large area must be 

 superior to one spoken by a few people inhabiting a small 

 area. 



It would have been strange indeed had the primitive as- 

 sumption in philology been true and the history of lan- 

 guage exhibited universal degradation. 



