ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 131 



So important are these discoveries that all human history- 

 has to be re-written, the whole philosophy of history recon- 

 structed. Government does not begin in the ascendency of 

 chieftains through prowess in war, but in the slow special- 

 ization of executive functions from communal associations 

 based on kinship ; deliberative assemblies do not start in 

 councils gathered %y chieftains, but councils precede chief- 

 taincies. Law does not begin in contract, but is the devel- 

 opment of customs. Land tenure does not begin in grants 

 from the monarch, or the feudal lord, but a system of tenure 

 in common by gentes or tribes is developed into a system of 

 tenure in severalty. Evolution in societ}^ has not been from 

 militancy to industrialism, but from organization based on 

 kinship to organization based on property, and alongside of 

 the specializations of the industries of peace the arts of war 

 have been specialized. 



So, one by one, the theories of metaphysic writers on so- 

 ciology are overthrown, and the facts of history are taking 

 their place and the philosophy of history is being erected 

 out of materials accumulating by objective studies of man- 

 kind. 



Psychology. 



One paper on Psychology has been presented, namely : 



Is Thought Possible Without Language ? — Case op a 

 Deaf Mute ; by Samuel Porter. 



Psychology has hitherto been chiefly in the hands of sub- 

 jective philosophers and is the last branch of Anthropology 

 to be treated by scientific methods. But of late years sun- 

 dry important labors have been performed with the end in 

 view to give this department of philosophy a basis of objec- 

 tive' facts ; especially the organ of the mind has been studied 

 and the mental operations of animals have been compared 

 with those of men, and in various other ways the subject is 

 receiving scientific attention. 



The new psychology in process of construction will have 

 a three-fold basis : A physical basis on phenomena presented 



