ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. XXXVII 
the bottom. By the loading of areas of sea-bottom they are de- 
pressed, and by the degradation of land-areas they are unloaded 
and rise. Change in the geography of the land effects a change in 
wind-currents and in bodies of water, and a change in the latter 
effects a change in sedimentation. In like manner, throughout all 
physical nature, an interdependence of parts is exhibited. Part 
acts on part. 
In biotic aggregates the same interdependence of parts is shown. 
Any change affecting the digestive apparatus affects the circulatory 
apparatus, and these again are influenced by the respiratory appara- 
tus. But in addition to this interdependence of parts, there is also 
an organization of parts—that is, special functions are performed 
by the several parts, and each is the organ of its function. And 
this organization is of such a nature that each works for the others. 
The digestive apparatus digests for itself and all the organs, the 
heart propels for all the body, the eye sees for all the body, the ear 
hears for all the body, the hand touches for all the body. Thus the 
organic parts act on and for one another. 
In activital combination, aggregates, as the term is here used, do 
not appear, but the same interdependence is observed. By associa- 
tion the sanitary state of the husband affects that of the wife, and 
the condition of the mother affects the child; and on through the 
different combinations of animals and men this interdependence is 
observed. The relation of organization also exists by the differen- 
tiation of industries. The husband brings food to the wife and 
children, and the wife prepares the food. And this differentiation of 
industries, or “division of labor” as it is termed in political science, 
is carried on to an elaborate condition in civilized life. Then men 
are related to one another as constituent members of society ; one 
commands and another obeys. Then men are related to one another 
through language; one speaks, another hears; one writes, another 
reads. Then men are related to one another through opinions; 
having common opinions, they form common designs and act for 
common purposes. It will thus be seen that superorganic or an- 
thropic combination arises trom the establishment of four classes of 
relations, corresponding to the four classes of activities represented 
by arts, institutions, languages, and opinions. The arts are human 
activities directed to the utilization of the materials of nature and 
the control of its powers, for the purpose of securing happiness. In- 
. stitutions are human activities arranged for the purpose of securing 
