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XXXVIII PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. 
peace and establishing justice, and thereby increasing happiness 
Languages are activities devised for the purpose of communicating 
thought, and thereby securing happiness. Opinions arise from 
psychic activities, the purpose of which is to learn the truth, that 
happiness may ensue. 
In physical, biotic, and anthropic combinations the parts control 
one another. It will therefore be convenient to speak of three 
‘kingdoms of matter: the mineral or physical kingdom, the organic 
or biotic kingdom, and the anthropic or activital kingdom. 
MODES OF MOTION. 
All bodies, however combined, are discovered to be in motion. 
Among the bodies of the mineral kingdom, a variety of modes 
of molecular motion are exhibited, having various distinguishing 
characteristics. These are heat and light, electricity and magnetism, 
then sound and that motion in gases by which through impact they 
retain their rarefied state. Again, a variety of molar motions are 
observed in gases, liquids, and solids; and finally stellar motions 
are observed in astronomic systems. 
In the biotic kingdom plants and animals exhibit many varieties 
of organic motions, called functions. These are superadded to the 
physical motions, which appear alike in the physical and biotic 
kingdoms. Physical bodies exhibit motions; biotic bodies exhibit 
motions and functions, the latter being highly organized motions. 
In the anthropic kingdom there is a complexity of motions arising 
from biotic functions, which are arranged and combined so as to 
produce activities. These activities are represented by arts, institu- 
tions, languages, and opinions. 
Thus there are three great classes of motions corresponding to the 
three great classes of combinations, namely, physical motions ; biotic 
motions, or functions; and anthropic motions, or activities. 
THE RELATION OF MOTION TO COMBINATION. 
It will at once be seen that anthropic combination,is such by 
virtue of human activities. Activital combination is manifestly 
composed motion. 
Again, biotic aggregates are such by virtue of continuous combi- 
nation and dissolution. Within proper limits a biotic body may be 
compared to a river; it is a form through which matter passes. In 
