ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. XXXV 
atoms differing in these mechanical aspects that all the varieties of 
bodies and souls were integrated, disintegrated, and reintegrated. * 
The different impressions produced on the human senses by differ- 
ent bodies, according to their various mechanical constitutions, 
were regarded by him as purely subjective—the mechanical results 
of different concussions made on the senses by the different effluxes 
of things,t and, therefore, no more requiring any qualitative differ- 
ences to explain the phenomena of sensation than to explain the 
phenomena of being. Weight and hardness were treated by De- 
mocritus as primary qualities of bodies resulting from the greater 
or less degrees in which their constituent atoms are compacted, as 
compared with the interstitial voids or vacua. The secondary 
qualities of bodies are simply the impressions they make on the 
human senses, depending, as has just been said, on the varying 
shapes, sizes, and arrangements of the atoms composing all the 
varieties of material substance. 
Anaxagoras had made his theory of atoms a pendant to dualism, 
conceiving, as he did, that souls, both animal and rational, are eter- 
nally pre-existent before the birth, and post-existent after the disso- 
lution, of the bodies in which they temporarily resided. { Democ- 
ritus made the animal soul and the rational soul only two more dis- 
tinct varieties in the mechanical collocation of atoms varying in 
shape, size, situation, and motion; and, therefore, he had no place 
in his theory for the transmigration of souls considered as entities 
distinct from bodies. Souls and bodies were equally the results of 
a concourse of atoms obeying in their movements the law of a me- 
chanical necessity. That is, to the dualism which preceded him 
Democritus opposed a pure and simple monism. Yet between the 
materialism of Democritus and the dualism of Anaxagoras there is 
not much to choose; for the misty spiritualism of the latter did not 
* Aristotle: De Generat. et Corrup., I, i, 4, (Didot’s ed., vol. 2, p. 482;) 
also Arist.: Metaphysics, VII, ii, 2, (Didot’s ed., vol. 2, p. 559,) and the 
Nat. Auscul., I, v, 1, (Didot’s ed., vol. 2, p. 254.) 
t Action from a distance, as of the magnet on iron, was also explained by 
Democritus on the hypothesis of ‘‘effluxes.”” Zeller: Philosophieder Griechen, 
Erster Theil, p. 704. 
{ Cudworth: Intellectual System of the Universe, vol. I, chap. 1, (Andover 
ed,) p. 95. : 
