TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION I. 515 
apparent resemblance.’ Deniker also draws attention to the physical characters 
that distinguish those two types, and he coneludes that ‘nothing justifies their 
unification,’ 
Hottentots. 
The skin of the Hottentots, or Khoikhoi, as they style themselves, is of a 
brownish-yellow, with a tinge of grey, sometimes of red; the hair is very similar 
to that of the Bushmen; the average stature is 1.604 m. (5 ft. 3 in.); the head 
is small and distinctly dolichocephalic (74), the jaws prognathic, cheekbones 
prominent, and chin small. Shrubsall, who has investigated the osteological evi- 
dence, says no hard-and-fast line can be drawn from craniological evidence 
between Hottentots and Bushmen on the one hand and Negroid races on the 
other, various transitional forms being found; but Bushman characteristics un- 
doubtedly predominate in the true Hottentots. 
The Hottentots were grouped in clans, each with its hereditary chief, whose 
authority, however, was very limited. Several clans were loosely united to form 
tribes. Their principal property consisted of horned cattle and sheep; the former 
were very skilfully trained. The dwellings were portable, mat-covered, dome- 
shaped huts. For weapons they had a feeble bow with poisoned arrows, but they 
also had assagais and knobkerries, or clubbed sticks used as missiles; coarse pottery 
was made. They were often described as mild and amiable. ; 
The Hottentot migration from the eastern mountainous zon 
much later than that of the Bushmen, and it seems to have been due mainly to 
the pressure from behind of the waxing Bantu peoples. These pastoral nomads 
took a south-westerly course across the savanna country south of Lake Tanganyika, 
and worked their way down the west coast and along’the southern shore of the 
continent. 
What is now Cape Colony was inhabited solely by Bushmen and Hottentots at 
the time of the arrival of the Europeans. As the latter expanded they drove the 
aborigines before them, but in the meantime mongrel peoples had arisen, mainly 
of Boer-Hottentot parentage, who also were forced to migrate. Those of the Cape 
Hottentots who were not exterminated or enslaved, drifted north and found in 
Bushmanland an asylum from their pursuers. The north-east division of the 
Hottentots comprises the Koranna, or Goraqua; they were an important people, 
despite the fact that they had no permanent home. They migrated along the 
Orange River—one section went up the right bank of the Harts and the other 
went up the Vaal till they were deflected by the Be-Chuana, When the Boers in 
1858 were engaged with the Ba-Suto, the Koranna devastated the Orange Free State, 
but were themselves ultimately destroyed. The original home of the Griqua was in 
the neighbourhood of the Olifant River ; in the middle of the eighteenth century the 
colonists settled in the land, and as a result the Griqua-Bastards retreated to the 
east under the leadership of the talented Adamand Cornelius Kok. They adopted the 
name Griqua in place of the earlier one of Bastard; one split founded Griqua Town 
in Griqualand West, but the other went further east and eventually settled east of 
the Drakensberg, between Natal and Basutoland, and occupied the country 
devastated by Chaka’s wars. Here rose the chief town, Kokstadt, in Griqua- 
jand East, where a few Griqua still live. The interesting little nation of the 
Bastards, descendants cf unions between Europeans, mostly Boers, and Hottentot 
women, now mixes very little with other peoples. They were forced in 1868 to 
leave their home in Great Bushmanland owing to the ravages of Bushmen and 
Koranna, and finally, after various wanderings and vicissitudes, they settled as 
four communities in Great Namaqualand, in German territory. Namaqualand 
is too infertile to attract colonists, and thus it forms an asylum for expatriated 
Hottentots as well as for the Namaqua division of the Hottentots, the original 
inhabitants of the country. 
e took place very 
True Negroes. 
One of the most primitive populations of Africa is that of the true, or West 
African, Negroes. At present this element is mainly confined to the Sudan and 
the Guinea Coast, 
LL2 
