520 REPORT—1905. 
considerable progress under the wise guidance of the enlightened Khama; they are 
an industrious people, and have exceptional skill in working iron. 
According to Mr. G. W. Stow (whose spelling is here adopted), there were 
three main migrations of the Central Bantu, or Bachoana: (i) The pioneer tribes 
of the southward migration into the ancient Bushman hunting grounds were the 
Leghoya, Bakalahari, and those who intermarried with the Bushmen to form the 
Balala and Bachoana Bushmen ; (il) the tribes of the second period of the Bachoana 
migration were the Batlapin and Barolong; (iil) the great Bakuena or Bakone 
tribes were the most civilised of the Bantu peoples: they consisted of the Balu- 
rutse, Batlaru, Bamangwato, Batauana, Bangwaketse, and the Bakuena, who were 
the wealthiest and most advanced of all until they were reduced by the Mantati 
and destroyed by the Matabele. 
(3) Turning for a moment to German South-west Africa we find the Bastards 
to the south, and north of them the Haukoin or Mountain Damara, who are now 
practically a pariah people, subject to the Hottentots, Bastards, Ova-Herero, and 
the white man. It is possible that these are of Negro rather than of Bantu 
origin; in mode of life, save for their talent for agriculture, they are Bushmen ; 
in their speech they are Hottentots, but their colour is darker than that of their 
neighbours. Somewhere from Eastern South Africa, possibly about a hundred years 
ago, came the Ova-Herero, or the Merry People, who, like.the rest of the Bantu, 
are warlike cattle-breeders, with wandering proclivities, but they are not agricul- 
turists. When they arrived in the Kaoko district they drove the Haukoin to 
the south, together with the Toppnaers (Aunin) and Bushmen. To tke north of 
the Ova-Herero are the agricultural Ova-Mpo, 
Speaking generally, the direction of ethnic migration in South Africa has 
been southerly in the south-east: the sea blocked an eastern expansion and the 
Drakensberg a western; only the Matabele went westward of this range to the 
north. In the central district the Be-Chuana parent stock dispersed in various 
directions ; most of the movements were towards the north, but the Mantati and 
Ba-Suto went south-easterly. In the west the Cape Hottentots always retreated 
from the colonists towards the north, the Bastards and other tribes followed the 
same direction, the causes, as Barthel points out, being obvious; to the east is the 
Kalahari, on the west is the sea, from the south came the pressure of the Boers. 
Finally, right across South Africa we have, from west to east, the Koranna, Griqua, 
and Boer wanderings in the south; and in the north, from east to west, the wan- 
derings of the Hottentots, Ova-Herero, and recently the trek of the Boer emigrants 
from the Transvaal. 
South Africa has thus been a whirlpool] of moving humanity. In this brief 
summary I have been able to indicate only the main streams of movement: there 
have been innumerable cross-currents which add complexity to this bewildering 
history, and much patient work is necessary before all these complications can be 
unravelled and their meaning explained. 
When one takes a bird's-eye view of the ethnology of South Africa, certain 
main sociological facts loom out amongst all the wealth of varied detail. 
The earliest inhabitants of whom we have any definite information were the 
dwarf Bushmen, who undoubtedly represent a primitive variety of mankind. Ina 
land abounding with game they devoted themselves entirely to the chase, supple- 
menting their diet with fruit and roots. This mode of life necessitates nomadic 
habits, the absence of property entails the impossibility of gaining wealth, and 
thereby relieving part of the population from the daily need of procuring food ; 
this absence of leisure precludes the elaboration of the arts of life. A common effect 
of the nomadic hunting life is the breaking-up of the community into small 
groups; the koys can soon catch their own game, hence individualism triumphs 
and parental authority is apt to be limited. Social control is likely to be feeble 
unless the religious sentiment is developed, and certainly social organisation will 
be very weak. In an open country abounding with game the case is somewhat 
different, and there is reason to believe that in early days the Bushmen were 
