TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 521 
divided into a number of large tribes, occupying tolerably well-defined tracts of 
country, each being under the jurisdiction of a paramount chief. The tribes 
were subdivided into groups under captains. They showed great attachment and 
loyalty to their chiefs, and exhibited a passionate love for their country. For 
hundreds of years these poor people have been harried and their hunting grounds 
taken away from them, and hence we must not judge the race by the miserable 
anarchic remnant that still persists in waste places. Nomad hunters do not pro- 
gress far in civilisation by their own efforts, nor are they readily amenable to 
enforced processes of civilisation. Invariably they are pushed on one side or 
exterminated by peoples higher in the social scale. 
When the written history of South Africa begins we find the Bushmen already 
being encroached upon by the Hottentots, who themselves sprang from a very early 
cross of Hamite with Bushmen. Culturally, as well as physically, they may 
be regarded as a blend of these two stocks, They combined the cattle-rearing 
habits of the Hamite with the aversion from tillage of the soil characteristic of the 
hunter; they became nomadic herders, who were stronger than the Bushmen, 
but who themselves could not withstand the Bantu when they came in contact 
with them, and they too were driven to less favourable lands and became 
enslaved by the invaders. All gradations of mixture took place till lusty uncon- 
taminated Bantu folk forced their way into the most desirable districts. Still less 
could the: Hottentots prevail against the colonists; their improvidence was in- 
creased by alcohol, and their indifference to the possession of land, due to their 
inherent love of wandering, completed their ruin. 
The Bantu were cattle-rearers who practised agriculture. The former industry 
probably was transmitted from their Hamitic forefathers, who were herdsmen on 
the grassy uplands of north-eastern Africa, while the latter aptitude was probably 
due in part to their negro ancestry. This duality of occupation led to variability 
in mode of life. In some places the land invited the population towards hus- 
bandry, in others the physical conditions were more suited to a pastoral life, and 
thus we find the settled Ba-Ronga on the ore hand and the wandering Ova-Herero 
on the other, The Bantu peoples easily adopt changes of custom; under the 
leadership of a warlike chief they become warlike and cruel, a common character- 
istic of pastoral peoples, while it is recorded that many of the Matabele, taken 
prisoners by the Ba-Rotse, settled down peacefuliy to agriculture. The history of 
the prolific Bantu peoples on the whole indicates that they were as loosely at- 
tached to the soil as were the Ancient Germans, and like the latter, at the slightest 
provocation, they would abandon their country and seek another home. This 
readiness to migrate is the direct effect of a pastoral life, and along with this 
legacy of unrest their Hamitic ancestors transmitted a social organisation which 
lent itself to discipline. These were the materials, so to speak, ready to hand 
when organisers should appear. Nor have such been lacking, for such names as 
Dingiswayo, Chaka, Dingan, Moselekatze, Lobengula, Moshesh, Sebituane, Cete- 
wayo, and others are writ large in the annals of South Africa; and the statesman 
Khama is an example of what civilisation can do to direct this executive ability 
into proper channels. 
Archeology. 
The archeology of South Africa is now attracting considerable local interest, 
and we may confidently expect that new discoveries will soon enable us to gain 
some insight into the dense obscurity of the past. It cannot be too strongly 
insisted upon that the methods of the archeologist should be primarily those of 
the geologist. Accurate mapping of deposits or localisation of finds is absolutely 
necessary. The workmanship of an implement is of little evidential value: the 
material of which it is made may be refractory, the skill of the maker may be im- 
perfect, or he may be satisfied with producing an implement just sufficient for his 
immediate need; and there is always a chance that any particular specimen may 
be simply a reject. The early generalisation of implements in England into two 
groups, Paleolithic and Neolithic, expressed a fact of prime importance, but now 
the classification has extended. It is obvious that the shapely palwoliths of the 
