cuticle has become sufficiently stout to provide the materials for the 

 second and, in this species, final case, the larva attaches the enlarged 

 winter case to the cuticle of a leaf near the base, bores into the leaf 

 and mines out a long space beside the margin of the leaf. Out of 

 this space it perfects a new case exactly in the same manner as 

 C. hemerobiella, to be presently described. The new case, however, 

 is very different to the old one in appearance, being straight and 

 fairly cylindrical. 



It is perhaps one of the earliest mistakes made by the young 

 collector of the Coleophorids when he finds the small bent cases and 

 the long straight cases, all on the same birch-tree, and erroneously 

 concludes, from the different size and appearance of the cases, that he 

 has got two different species of the genus. 



The larvK in their new cases continue to feed in exactly the same 

 way as in the earlier stages, but of course they make much larger 

 and hence more conspicuous blotches in the leaves. After feeding 

 in this manner, chiefly on the under side of the leaves, for a few 

 weeks, the larvte leave the under side and fasten their cases very 

 firmly either on the stem of the food-plant, or, as is more often the 

 case, on to the centre of the upper side of a leaf, usually choosing a 

 leaf which has not been mined by them. With the case in this 

 position the larva is, so to speak, standing on its head, but after 

 some time it turns round inside the case and reverses its position. 

 It now undergoes pupation, the larval skin finding its way to the 

 bottom of the case with the head uppermost so that the pupa rests 

 upon it. In about a month or six weeks the moth escapes through 

 the apical opening of the case. 



As the Coleophorid pupa is not protruded from the case in emer- 

 gence, and as the case remains exactly the same in appearance after 

 emergence of the moth, it is difficult to tell, on finding a case in 

 July, whether the moth has emerged or not. The best way to settle 

 the point is to examine the apical aperture of the case with a lens, 

 and if any lepidopterous scales are observed we may safely conclude 

 that the moth has flown, and a delicate squeeze of the case will 

 prove that it is empty. 



I know nothing of the method of emergence adopted by the 

 Coleophorids, though I have sat hours with them before me in 

 hopes of witnessing their manner of leaving the case, or cocoon, as 

 at this stage it has become. In confinement, the moths pair a very 

 few hours after emergence, and the female will begin laying one or 

 two days after pairing. 



Cases ok the Coleophorids. 



The case of the Coleophorid larva is in no way analogous to the 

 shell of a Mollusc, which is firmly attached to the muscles of the 

 animal itself. The Coleophorid case is not essential to the larva's 



