Studies of North American Bees 3 



TYPE NOMENCLATURE 



The type nomenclature here employed is one adopted from the 

 usage and suggestions of various taxonomists in all groups, and 

 is believed to be adequate for all occasions in entomological 

 systematic work where a refined type nomenclature is desirable. 

 For the sake of clearness, the following definitions are given: 



Type: a single specimen forming the basis of a description, either 

 a unique or one selected from a series (=holotype) ; 



Allotype: a single specimen of the sex not represented by the 

 type, and upon which the description of this secondly described 

 sex is based, either a unique or one selected from a series ; 



Cotype: a specimen of the original series forming the basis of a 

 description where no type has been selected (=syntype) ; 



Lectotype: a specimen of a cotypic series chosen after publica- 

 tion to take the place of a type as the standard of reference; 



Paratype: a specimen of the original series forming the basis of a 

 description remaining after a type or lectotype has been 

 selected ; 



Neotype: a specimen, preferably from the original type locality, 

 identified with a described and named species and selected to 

 take the place of a type which has been lost or destroyed, as 

 the standard of reference for that species (=proxytype) ; 



Topotype: a specimen from the same exact locality as the type 

 of a described species, and identified with that species by any 

 taxonomist ; 



Metatype: a specimen, preferably a topotype, identified as iden- 

 tical after comparison with the type, allotype or lectotype by 

 the original describer of the species ; 



Homeotype: a specimen, preferably a topotype, identified as 

 identical after comparison with the type, allotype or lectotype 

 by a taxonomist other than the original describer of the species; 



Autotype: a specimen, a topotype or not, determined by the 

 original describer of a species in illustration of it without hav- 

 ing actually compared it with the type, allotype or lectotype. 



Unless otherwise specifically stated, the types and allotypes of all 

 new forms described in this series of papers are in the collection 



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