A Study of Cerebral Anthropology 5 



collection to possess a single skull not bisected longitudinally." 

 Cunningham (1901) expressed the same idea; "The work of the 

 craniologist, if it is to attain its full degree of usefulness, must 

 be founded on a proper recognition of the relation which exists 

 between the cranium and the brain." The craniologist must recog- 

 nize that head-shape must be dependent on the brain for sig- 

 nificance rather than the opposite. I believe, in view of all the 

 knowledge we have of the brain, that all of the theories of crani- 

 ology for the determination of function may be discarded as 

 baseless. Whether the surface of the cerebrum will prove a more 

 valuable index to the mental habits and capacity of the individual 

 than the skull is still a question. 



Spitzka (1908) said, " The more experienced we become in the 

 examination of brains the more convinced are we that the external 

 appearance of the cerebrum often gives the best indications of the 

 individual's psychic powers. . . . Recent morphological studies 

 . . . tend to show that the index of an individual's peculiarities 

 is in the development of one or another cortical region. . . . 

 -Experience teaches us that there is a physiognomy of the brain 

 which portrays intellectuality quite as often as does the outward 

 physiognomy. ... It is difficult to describe in so many words, or, 

 that we are occasionally deceived by it does not alter the fact 

 that we may learn (generally) to recognize and judge it." This 

 author, however, employed criminal brains which he designated 

 " for all practical purposes normal " for comparison in a study 

 of elite brains. 



Objections to the idea that functional efficiency is expressed in 

 the convolution pattern will appear in the proper place. It is 

 safe to say that until we acquire a more scientific basis than the 

 above quotation for the expression of psychic powers the "gift 

 of discernment " will be, perhaps, more or less difficult to acquire. 



The work of Dr. Mott (1906) is encouraging, and indirectly 

 gives weight to a part of Spitzka's conclusions. From his studies 

 on apes, he concludes that " Habits and mode of life of the animal 

 determine the convolutional pattern of the brain and the relative 

 superficial area of the archipallium to the neopallium " ; again, 

 later (1911), "The remarkable use the animal makes of its arms 



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