A Study of Cerebral Anthropology 7 



ethnologists who have studied the brain in a more exact manner. 

 In regard to the question of psychology, racial differences, if 

 they exist, have not been shown to have a relation to the mental 

 characteristics that may be noticed as distinguishing the peoples 

 studied. 



The whole question of variations from the standpoint of race, 

 sex and genius can be most comprehensively expressed in the 

 words of Dr. Mall (1909), "For the present the crudeness of 

 our methods will not permit us to determine anatomical char- 

 acters due to race, sex or genius and which, if they exist, are 

 completely masked by the large number of individual variations." 



§11. MICROCEPHALY 



The literature contains a great number of cases, some reported 

 in great detail and others with hardly sufficient data to be recog- 

 nized as belonging in this class. It will not be necessary to pre- 

 sent a systematic analysis of the reported cases, both because 

 Giacomini (1890) has already done so, and because these cases 

 are studied, in connection with this paper, only to determine 

 whether mental defects are revealed by the convolution pattern 

 or whether they suggest that certain variations are very suggest- 

 ive of atavistic reminiscence. 



Cases of microcephaly have been interesting to investigators 

 because of the hope that they might throw some light on the 

 questions of brain-function, because of their bearing on problems 

 of phylogeny, and because of their obscure etiology. 



While many cases had been reported previously and discussed in 

 more or less detail, the first work to arouse general interest and 

 produce wide-spread investigation of the subject was the memoir 

 of Karl Vogt published in 1867. He made no original investiga- 

 tions, but studied cases already reported, and from these con- 

 cluded that the condition must be looked upon as a partial atavism, 

 hence the name " ape man." The storm of discussion aroused by 

 this statement has not yet resulted in perfect agreement among 

 investigators. Probably the idea does not belong primarily tcf 

 Vogt, for Marchand says that Blumenbach in 1812 applied the 

 term " animalmen " to these defectives. In 1873 Aeby published 



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