A Study of Cerebral Anthropology 45 



campi in a sagittal direction. The siihcalarine segments turn 

 into the medial occipital area which surrounds the area striata 

 of the calcarine and run down transversely into the basal 

 occipital region to be continued in the lateral surface of the 

 hemisphere. Instability of orientation and development of 

 constituent segments of the sulci of these two areas is cor- 

 relative to the phylogenetic history of the same. The tem- 

 poro-polari area, a recent zone in front of the older temporal 

 zones ought to develop between these and the residue of the 

 large limbic convolutions in the anterior fundus of the fossa tem- 

 porale of the skull. The sulci which run througli it are among 

 the last to appear in the region. What significance, if any, vari- 

 ations in these zones may have, is yet to be discovered. 



§VII. CRIMINAL VARIATIONS 



The study of the literature on criminal brains is very inter- 

 esting in its relation to the development of cerebral morphology. 

 The early students of criminal brains interpreted the variations 

 which they discovered as being, if not responsible for the criminal 

 life, at least peculiar to criminals and consequently establishing a 

 type. These claims lead to wide research in the field of normal 

 brains, and so, gradually, the confusion of types and significance 

 of variations is being cleared away. 



Broca (1867) found in a criminal brain slight development of 

 the frontal convolutions in comparison with those of the parieto- 

 occipital region, and from this he concluded that there was de- 

 fective organization and consequently lack of responsibility. 

 About the same time Benedikt took up the study and from time to 

 time published conclusions which, to say the least, were based on 

 very slender evidence. For example, he said that 40 per cent, of 

 robbers (of the cases he studied) had the cerebellum only partly 

 covered by the occipital lobes. This was similar to the lower 

 primates. He consequently concluded that the posterior occipital 

 region was the seat of the moral sense, and absence or lack of de- 

 velopment of this region in any brain would be very significant 

 (liaer). Later (1879) he classified the various anomalies and 

 established a criminal type, his conclusion being that " Die Ver- 



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