A Study of Cerebral Anthropology 49 



ANALYSIS BY COMPARISON OF VARIATIONS FOR VARIOUS GROUPS 



The following table represents a study of the available reports 

 of the brains of scholars, brains of criminals, and brains of the 

 so-called lower races. I have included in it (see review below) 

 only those reports that through figure and description are suffi- 

 ciently detailed to allow me to determine the condition in the 

 individual brain studied. It has seemed to me that by combining 

 a number of nationalities it might be possible to eliminate the 

 ethnological factor and we shall then be able to study the rela- 

 tion of the criminal brain to that of trained minds and to that also 

 of a class of low mentality. The characters in the table have 

 been selected because each has been suggested by some observer 

 as either an indication of criminality or more frequently of a low 

 organization or an undeveloped mind. In the list of criminals 

 and lower races the sexes are sufficiently divided so that if this 

 be considered ordinarily a factor of variation it may in these 

 percentages be disregarded. 



The group of " brains of scholars " is made up of cases reported 

 by Retzius, Spitzka, Horsley, Sperino, Duval, Manouvrier, and 

 Chudzinski, There are sixteen men and one woman of the fol- 

 lowing races — seven Americans, four Swedes, one Pole, one Eng- 

 lishman, one Italian and three Frenchmen. The group of crimi- 

 nals includes twenty reported by Benedikt, nine by Mondio, one 

 by Papillaut, thirty-one by Mingazzini, one by Spitzka, nine by 

 Flesch, one by Hotzen, one by Taylor, one by Dercum, thirty- 

 two by Tenchini and forty-two by Sernoff, making one hundred 

 and forty-eight. All do not appear in the percentage of any one 

 character because different methods of study, followed by dif- 

 ferent observers, made it impossible to obtain all the data for each 

 brain. I have accordingly included the number of hemispheres 

 on which the per cent, was reckoned. The division by race is: 

 natives of Austro-Hungary twenty, Russians forty-two, Italians 

 seventy-three, French ten, and Americans three. 



The group of "Lower Races" is made up of two Sudanese, 

 one Tabora, fourteen Herero by Sergi ; two Indians by Dunn and 

 Fallot, four Eskimos by Hrdlicka and Spitzka, twenty-nine 



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