TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION E. 613 
seen the glimmer of British bayonets on the horizon, and the castle~palaces of Lhasa 
will, we hope, open to the military explorer their mysterious halls, hitherto known 
to us best by the descriptions of that entertaining traveller, my friend Chandra Das. 
But the fruits of these great expeditions are not yet ripe. I must leave them to 
be plucked by my successors. I do so with regret, for I should have listened with a 
peculiar interest to an account of the fascinating land, over whose peaks and pastures 
I lately gazed from the Pisgah heights of the Jonsong La. 
To review the progress of Geography during the last twenty-five years, the time 
that has passed since I first joined the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 
is tempting. The retrospect would on the whole be encouraging. The past 
quarter of a century, if not an era of the most extensive discoveries, has been an 
era of profitable occupation—I mean profitable in the scientific and not in the 
commercial sense, though the two are frequently connected—of the ground seized 
by the great pioneers in Africa, in the backlands of North America, and elsewhere. 
And when we come to consider the manner in which the results of modern 
exploration are recorded, what an advance we find! Compare the geographical 
publications of Great Britain in 1880 and 1904 ; take the most conspicuous instance, 
those of the Royal Geographical Society at the two periods. Consider the way in 
which our lectures and literature are now illustrated by the aid of photography, 
new processes, and the lantern. ‘Petermann’s Mitteilungen’ was for long the 
one first-rate geographical magazine in Europe. We have now, as we ought to 
have had long before, a Journal that rivals it. 
Take a wider survey. Look at maps, beginning with the Ordnance Survey. 
Compare the last issues of the one-inch maps, with all the advantages of colour- 
printing, over their doubtless (except as to roads) accurate, but far less intelligible 
predecessors, Consider the maps private firms, Messrs. Bartholomew and Messrs. 
Stanford, have provided us with; note the new editions of ‘ Murray’s Guides.’ 
The correction and completion of maps by new explorations is always desir- 
able. But it is even more important that a sound system for the delineation of 
natural features should be adopted both for Government surveys and general 
maps. I begin to look forward to a time when glaciers will no longer be repre- 
sented, as they were on the early Indian and Caucasian surveys, without their 
heads or tails—that is, without either their névés or their moraine-cloaked lower 
portions or with rivers rising above them and flowing through them. In time, 
perhaps, every closet cartographer will recognise that glaciers do not lie along 
the tops of lofty ridges, but descend into valleys. In these matters I have had 
many an arduous struggle. It is cruel that a poor man should be set to delineate 
snow mountains who has never seen one, and when ‘a week at lovely Lucerne’ 
can be had for 5J. 5s. it is inexcusable. 
In my schooldays there was an exercise of memory known to us by the con- 
temptuous appellation of ‘ Jog,’ which boys and masters united to depreciate and 
despise. This sentiment is now confined to a few elderly generals and head- 
masters. Geography flourishes as a branch of science under the august shadow of 
the elder Universities. At Oxford we have produced Mr. Mackinder and Dr. 
Herbertson, Mr. Grundy, Mr. Hogarth, Mr. Beazley. We have started a school of 
Geography and a school of Geographers. At Cambridge a Board of Geographical 
Studies has been established. I may quote what Sir C. Markham said three 
months ago :— 
‘ The staff of the new geographical school at Cambridge will consist, instead of 
one reader, of several lecturers and teachers, who will cover the various depart- 
ments of the science. A diploma in geography will be granted as at Oxford. 
But Cambridge goes a step further than Oxford, by introducing geography into 
the examination for the B.A. degree. The importance of according geography 
such a position in the studies of the Universities must be evident to all, and must 
be specially gratifying to those who, for over thirty years, have fought hard, amid 
much discouragement, to have geography recognised as a University subject. It 
will be interesting to see how the Board of Geographical Studies at Cambridge 
will draw up the detailed regulations for the degree and the diploma, what steps 
