TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION E. 629 
To the south, however, they flow through belts of dense forest. The nomad 
inhabitants—the Fulani—rose to power under the leadership of Othman Dan 
Fodio a century ago. The war which then ensued was racial, not religious, in its 
origin, but developed into a Jihad in which religious leaders were raised to 
power. Apart from the ruling caste the Fulani type has remained unchanged, 
a striking contrast being observable between ruler and herdsman, alike in fighting 
qualities, in purity of race, in education, and in intelligence. Qualities of justice 
and patience are greatly developed in the ruler, whose character appears to have 
been formed in part by admixture with the Negro type. 
There were varying degrees of resistance to the Fulani conquest, and its effects 
in the non-Mohammedan south were very different from those in the north. The 
sweeping accusations of oppression, based on facts observed in the south, are not 
always deserved. 
Underlying all the State systems is a deeply rooted constitutional idea, the 
Government depending on the will of the people. The tyranny of the late Emir 
Abd Errahman, of Sokoto, was an exception to the general rule. A typical 
example of the Fulani constitution is that at Bida. The fundamental principle is 
veneration for age, promotion being by seniority plus selection. The three estates 
of the realm are the Emir; the Council of Princes, through which the future Emir 
climbs the ladder of promotion; and the Council of Commoners. The two latter 
form a General Council for the consideration of important matters, the ordinary 
routine of State being carried on by a Privy Council. The evolution of this 
constitution is probably indigenous. There is a darker side of Fulani rule, but it 
is important to recognise and develop the best side. 
The attitude of the British administration is one of construction, not destruc- 
tion. In the impossibility of direct rule, what is needed is the education of the 
native rulers and adoption of the existing system. To speak of the ‘downfall of 
Fulani rule’ is therefore inaccurate. The feeling towards us is one of individual 
gratitude, tempered at present, however, by underlying resentment. The tole- 
rance of the Kadiriyah sect, now in power, and the exclusion of the Senussiyah, 
give an augury of hope for the future. 
2, Methods of Topographical Survey. By Major C. F. Ciosz, C.ILG., RL. 
1. The days of geographical exploration are drawing to a close. The greater 
part of Africa is, for instance, no longer a field for the explorer. Geographicat 
societies will be obliged-to devote an increasing amount of attention to topo- 
graphical surveying. 
2. Whatever the methods of a topographical survey, they should be judged by 
the resulting map; and in forming a judgment the three chief considerations are 
accuracy, legibility, cost. We may further subdivide the first heading into 
accuracy of detail and contouring, and the second into interval of contours, clear- 
ness and number of colours, hill shading, lettering, bearing of edges, scale, con- 
ventional signs. If we examine some of the principal topographical maps on 
these lines we shall be able to divide them into groups. Thus, first-class topo- 
graphical maps will include the Ordnance coloured 1-inch, the French Colonial 
sobo0, and the American topographical maps of the Geological Survey. Second- 
class, the German 55455, the Spanish 55455, and so on. 
5. It is perhaps possible that a class of topographical maps might be devised 
which should show the main features at a glance and the minor features by 
means of a magnifying glass. Simple reduction will not effect this. Such a type 
of map would be of the greatest value for all the ordinary purposes for wnich a 
map is used, 
4, As regards cost, it is important that money should not be saved at the 
expense of the clearness of reproduction. The reproduction should do full justice 
to the field sheet. 
5. Topographical Methods.—The horizontal structure of a map must first be 
considered, This consists of a framework of the first order, a framework of the 
