666 REPORT—1904. 
III. Methods. 
a. Limitation of output. 
The commonest instinct of labour, which believes implicitly in the 
lump of labour fallacy. 
b, Opposition to machinery. 
Less common in America than in England. 
c, The boycott. 
The chief union instrument for securing their main object, z.e., the 
union shop, 
Consideration seems to show that the union shop is the end to be desired, 
but it must come not by coercion of employer, nor of employé, but by establishing 
the union’s claim to be necessary to the worker, and not injurious to the employer 
or the public. The boycott takes various forms :— 
a. The union label, an American device, said to be ‘the strongest weapon 
of organised labour.’ 
b. Regular publication of fair lists and activity on the part of boycott 
agitators. 
c. Generally assumes a violent form in the presence of actual hostilities. 
While the creation of an esprit de corps and of a strong public opinion is 
legitimate, and necessarily implies some application of boycott principle, its 
excessive development is tyrannical and suicidal. 
To meet the growing powers of organised labour, capital is rapidly associating 
in offensive and defensive alliances, irrespective of trade boundaries. Their 
methods appear similar to those of the unions, with the exception of a constant 
resort to the legal injunction. The struggle is thus becoming exceedingly bitter, 
and the outcome is at present in the balance. 
4. The Employment of the Graduate. By H. A. Roxserts, M.A. 
(i.) Problem to be solved by a modern British university ; its complexity often 
overlooked. Need for continuous development. Influence on development of the 
market for employment. Growing importance of this influence since 1880. 
Graduate employment a faithful reflexion of national progress, Consequent 
diversification of careers the characteristic of the last twenty years. 
(ii.) Sketch of graduate employment from 1870 to the present day. ‘Till 1870 
employment confined to ‘the learned professions.’ High percentage of graduates 
described as ‘of no profession.’ 1870-1880, years of tentative expansion. 
1880-1895, growing diversity of employment; rise of new professions; employ- 
ment in research, travelling, administration. Hlimination of the class described 
as ‘of no profession.’ Tendency to ‘practical’ careers; business and the law. 
General tendency obscured in the early ’eighties hy temporary increase of employ- 
ment in education; reasons for this increase, and its bearing on the supply of 
teachers at the present moment; increase not completely explained by theory that 
men ‘drifted into school-mastering.’ The last decade. Diversity of careers 
remarkable; versatility of the graduate. Some careers of the present day. 
(i1,) Questions of the moment. 
Education as a career; demand and supply. Research. ‘The co-operation of 
science and industry; progress already made; some difficulties; technical educa- 
tion and scientific training ; the aspects of specialisation ; need for organisation. 
Employment of graduates in business ; never yet tried on a sufficient scale; the 
experiment still recent in America; the desirable training; degrees in economic 
science; degrees only a partial test of business efficiency; necessity for closer 
contact of universities and business men; suggestions; initial cost of graduate 
labour, 
