750 REPORT—1904. 
reached by that expedition. The observations on Papuan and Toda seem to 
show that there is no marked difference between uncivilised and civilised races 
in purely sensory powers, Any superiority in the sensory and perceptual feats of 
the savage is probably due to his powers of observation and of drawing inferences 
based on familiarity with his surroundings. 
When there are differences between Papuan, Toda, and European, the Toda 
occupies in general an intermediate position between the Papuan and European, 
just as he occupies an intermediate position between them in intellectual and 
cultural development. 
The only striking feature which marks oft the Toda from the others is the 
great frequency of colour-blindness. Whereas this condition is absent or very 
rare in some savage races, the proportion of colour-blind individuals amounts to 
12°8 per cent. among Toda males, as compared with about 4 per cent. in European 
races, 
3. Recent Development of Helmholtz’s Theory of Hearing. 
By Dr. C. 8. Myzrs. 
Dr. Myers alluded in the first place to Ebbinghaus’s conception of an inter- 
nodal vibration of the basilar fibres, and showed its value in providing a theo- 
retical basis for the degree of relationship between the various musical intervals. 
Next he referred to the discovery of intertones (Zwischentone) by Stumpf, and to 
their importance in determining the number of adjacent basilar fibres thrown into 
vibration by any simple tone, and in modifying the principle of specific nervous 
energy as applied to the ear. Schiifer’s theory of the origin of subjective com- 
bination-tones was then described, and the difference between objective and sub- 
jective combination-tones was discussed. Lastly, he showed the great.value of 
Helmholtz’s theory in best explaining the known pathological phenomena of 
hearing, and suggested that the hair-cells rather than the basilar fibres might be 
the sympathetically vibrating end-organs. Such a modification involved the 
application of altered physical considerations to the organ of Corti, but appeared 
more rational and less difficult on the whole. 
4. Experimental Investigations on Memory. The Localisation of Remote 
Memories. By Dr. N. Vascutpr. 
I have been engaged for several years in studying the mechanism of memory, 
and have tried several times to settle certain points in the psychology of this 
phenomenon, which is apparently so simple, but in reality just as complicated as 
the most complicated elements of thought. My researches date from 1896. 
This time I shall try to determine the origin of remote memories and their 
localisation. 
My researches have been carried out on children, on normal subjects, and on a 
large number of people suffering from psychic ailments. I employed the usual 
methods for the determination of memory. In a first series of experiments I tried 
to make the subjects under investigation learn either verbally or visually a given 
number of syllables, of words, of phrases, &c., and in a second series I tried to 
present to them scenes or objects, &c., or to make them be present at scenes or in 
situations either accidental or premeditated. Then at more and more remote 
epochs of time I proceeded to ask the subjects what they remembered of the 
facts, and how they recalled them. In certain cases the subjects were conscious 
of the effort which they were making, and they were asked to pay great attention 
to their memory, because some time later they would be asked to recall things. 
Next I tried asking a certain number of other subjects how they recalled and by 
what mechanism they localised their memory of known social and historical facts, 
in order to see the mechanism of localisation of certain memories which we may 
have together at more or less remote epochs, which I wrote down definitely at 
the time on account of my experiments. I may add, in conclusion, about record- 
aT 
