1897 | PHYLOGENY AND TAXONOMY OF THE ANGIOSPERMS 155 
The results of a study of the plants of the Cretaceous, 
Eocene, Miocene, and the present may be summarized as fol- 
lows: 
1. It is probable that monocotyledons and dicotyledons 
appeared at about the same time, namely early in the Mesozoic 
or late in the Palaozoic. 
2. The hypogynous monocotyledons appear to have preceded 
the epigynous monocotyledons, and similarly the petaloideous 
hypogynous species seem to have somewhat preceded the spadi- 
ceous and glumaceous species. 
3. Apparently the Thalamiflore and Calyciflore are the two 
earlier types of the dicotyledons. 
4. In the Thalamiflore the three sub-types Ranales, Caryo- 
phyllales, and Malvales appear to be earlier than Parietales, 
Polygalales, Geraniales, and Guttiferales. 
5. In the Calyciflore the Rosales, Celastrales, and Sapinda- 
les are the dominant sub-types; here the second and third are 
greatly reduced in passing to the present, while the first main- 
tains its position with singular persistence. 
6. The Myrtales appear to be a growing sub-type, increasing 
rapidly in passing to the present. 
7. The Umbellales, on the other hand, appear to be a waning 
sub-type. 
8. The Heteromere have always been of secondary impor- 
tance. ; 
g. The Bicarpellatea and Infere appear to have developed 
later than the other types, and to have rapidly increased to the 
present. 
Io. In the development of the Bicarpellate the Polemoni- 
ales and Gentianales preceded the Personales and Lamiales. 
11. In the Inferz the Rubiales led the Asterales. 
r. ‘Polypetaly”’ appears to have been the common condi- 
tion in the Cretaceous, Eocene, and Miocene periods. 
13. The first modification from polypetaly probably was in the 
direction of apetaly, a condition reached by many plants in the 
earlier periods, but by relatively smaller numbers in the present 
