168 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [SEPTEMBER 
It will be seen from the foregoing discussion of the repro- 
ductive strobilus that there are two principal modifications to 
which it is subject, namely (a2) symphysis, that is, a fusion of 
parts, and (4) aphanisis,* a suppression of parts. These may 
separately or jointly affect some or all parts of the strobilus, 
resulting in the multitude of forms which it assumes. Aphani- 
sis alone results in apetaly and diclinism ; symphysis alone, in 
such a type as we find in myrtles and cactuses. 
We may summarize the results from a morphological study 
of plants as follows: 
1. The identity of the cells and tissues of the two sub-classes 
of angiosperms indicates their close relationship. 
2. The fibrovascular tissue-system of the dicotyledons indi- 
cates that this sub-class is higher than the monocotyledons. 
3. The roots of dicotyledons indicate that this sub-class is 
higher than monocotyledons, and suggest the possibility of the 
origin of the former from the latter. 
4. The structure of the dicotyledonous stem indicates the 
higher rank of this sub-class. 
5. Among monocotyledons the external morphology of the 
stem indicates the derivation from lily-like plants of the palms 
and screwpines by an excessive shortening of internodes, and of 
sedges and grasses by a corresponding elongation. 
6. The general morphology of the leaves of monocotyledons 
and dicotyledons, as has already been indicated many times, 
emphasizes the close relationship of the two sub-classes, and 
repeats the suggestion that the former include plants which must 
take rank below the dicotyledons. 
7. The particular morphology of leaves commonly indicates 
specific or generic relationship, but now and then they possess 
a sufficient constancy to serve as indices of family relationship. 
8. There are two principal modifications of the flower strobi- 
lus—namely, symphysis and aphanisis—which separately oF 
jointly affect some or all of its parts. 
* Greek dgdvis, a getting rid of, a vanishing, a disappearance. 
