170 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [ SEPTEMBER 
sporophyte were so well established that no profound modifica- 
tions have been undergone since. 
The modifications which gave us the main lines of monoco- 
tyledons were first the fusion of the carpels with one another and 
the production of a syncarpium, and second the progressive 
fusion of the syncarpium with the other strobilar leaves. These 
resulted in the phylum which begins with Apocarpez and _ passes 
to Coronariee, Epigyne, and Microsperme. In some Apocarpe 
and many plants of the type of the Coronariez the perianth has 
been more or less reduced (by aphanisis), in some cases amount- 
ing to complete suppression, as in palms (Calycinae), aroids 
(Nudiflore), and sedges and grasses (Glumacez). 
The primitive dicotyledons were apocarpous plants which 
soon developed along two diverging lines, characterized in the 
one case by the tendency of the leaves of the strobilus to fuse with 
each other in a transverse direction (transverse symphysis), 
while in the other the tendency was to a fusion of the leaves in 
two directions (transverse and longitudinal symphysis). The 
phylum resulting from the predominance of transverse symphysis 
began with the apocarpous Ranales, soon developing into the 
syncarpous Caryophyllales and Malvales. The type of the 
Caryophyllales became slightly modified in the Primulales by 
the transverse symphysis of the inner perianth whorl resulting 
in gamopetaly. In the Polemoniales the type of the Primulales 
began to undergo modification by aphanisis, resulting in a 
reduction of the microsporophylls to five, and the carpels in the 
syncarpium to two or three. Increasing aphanisis produced the 
Personales and Lamiales with their four or two microsporophylls 
and irregular perianth, and in the latter group with each carpel 
restricted to the production of but one or two macrosporangia. 
The phylum in which both transverse and longitudinal fusion 
are well marked proceeds from the apocarpous roseworts (Rosa- 
cee) to the syncarpous saxifrages (Saxifragacee) of the 
Rosales, to the Celastrales, in which epigyny is sometimes 
attained, thence to the Umbellales, where epigyny is constant, 
and to the Rubiales, in which gamopetaly has become a fixed 
