1897] PHYLOGENY AND TAXONOMY OF THE ANGIOSPERMS 171 
character, culminating in the group of the Asterales with its 
greatly reduced bicarpellary syncarpium. 
Early predominance of aphanisis in the ranal phylum soon 
gave rise to the apetalous laurels (Lauraceae) and nutmegs 
(Myristicacee) from the buttercup type. A somewhat later 
appearance of aphanisis gave rise to the willows (Salicacez), 
amaranths (Amaranthacee), and buckwheats (Polygonacez) 
from the pink type; and the spurgeworts (Euphorbiacee) and 
nettle-worts (Urticacez) from them allow type. Similarly, early 
predominance of aphanisis in the rosal phylum gave rise to 
the apetalous plane-trees (Platanacez) from the rosewort type; 
while its later appearance gave rise to the proteads (Proteacez), 
daphnads (Thymelzacez), oleasters (Elzagnacez), sandalworts 
(Santalacee), and loranths (Loranthacez) from the holly type; 
and the walnuts (Juglandacez), oaks (Fagaceze), and gale- 
worts ( Myricacez ) from the horse-chestnut type (Sapindales). 
Early predominance of symphysis gave rise to the peculiar 
group of the myrtles (Myrtales) from the rosewort type, in 
Which by later aphanisis, hippurids (Haloragee), birthworts 
(Aristolochiacez), vine rapes (Cytinacez) were produced. The 
Parietales and Polygalales are later developments more or less 
parallel to the Caryophyllales ; while the Geraniales and Gutti- 
ferales stand ina similar relation to the Malvales. 
THE TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS. 
It should not be necessary to urge at this time the desira- 
bility of a conformity between phylogeny and taxonomy, and 
yet it may be well to call to mind the words of Dr. Gray: 
We have supposed, and Naegeli takes a similar view, that each plant has 
an internal tendency or predisposition to vary in some directions rather than 
others; from which, under natural selection, the actual differentiations and 
adaptations have proceeded. Under this assumption, and taken as a work- 
ing hypothesis, the doctrine of the derivation of species serves well for 
the coordination of all the facts in botany, and affords a probable and reason- 
able answer to a long series of questions which without it are totally unan- 
Swerable. It is supported by vegetable palzontology, which assures us that 
the plants of the later geological periods are the ancestors of the actual flora 
