1897] PHYZOGENY AND TAXONOMY OF THE ANGIOSPERMS 173 
the system which seems to us to be more nearly in accord with 
our knowledge of phylogeny does not differ as much from the 
two older systems as they differ from one another. It is only 
when we make a superficial comparison of the Candollean sys- 
tem (as wrought out by Bentham and Hooker) and Eichler’s 
system (as modified by Engler and Prantl) that they seeined to 
be radically or even greatly different. Engler and Prantl have 
reduced by one-half that troublesome mass of poorly understood 
plants, the Apetale; then beginning with the Ranales and 
Parietales a similar sequence of choripetalous groups is taken 
up in each, this becoming identical near its central course, and 
towards its culmination in the Umbellales. The only difference 
in the treatment of the Gamopetale is that in order to empha- 
size relationship with the Umbellales the Infere are placed first 
in Bentham and Hooker’s system, while in the system of Engler 
and Prantl they are placed last, the emphasis here being given 
to their rank as the highest of dicotyledons. 
Bringing together the results of the studies of these masters 
as shown in their systems, and still better in their discussions of 
relationship under each family, and using our hypothetical 
phylogeny as a general guide, we find it possible to make such 
modifications of the two systems as will give us an arrangement 
which fairly agrees with the present state of our knowledge. 
The angiosperms are separable into two diverging sub- 
Classes, the monocotyledons (Monocotyledonew) and the 
dicotyledons (Dicotyledonez), the first ranking structurally 
lower than the second. The monocotyledons are well divided 
by Bentham and Hooker into seven series, and these we may 
accept unchanged, with the single exception that the water- 
worts (Hydrocharitaceez) should probably be removed from the 
Microsperme to constitute an additional coordinate group. 
These eight groups, which appear to be deserving of no more 
than ordinal rank, should then be rearranged so as to have the 
following sequence, namely: Apocarpz, Coronariee, Nudiflore, 
Calycine, Glumacez, Hydrales, Epigyne, Microsperme. Here 
it must be understood that the Nudiflore, Calycinez, and Glu- 
