358 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [ NOVEMBER 
species common tothe whole Carpathian district, the author goes more in 
detail into the subject of endemism. A great majority of the endemic forms 
are isolated, well-marked types and for the most part related to Alpine or 
Balkan plants. Most of the endemic plants are found east of the fault line, 
though those of northern origin occur throughout the district. The fault 
line makes a natural geographic division of the region into the east and 
west Carpathians and the author makes still further subdivisions of a 
geographic nature. 
In the last part is to be found a discussion of the relations between the Car- 
pathian floras and those of neighboring districts. The closest relationship is 
to the flora of central Europe, a relationship which is most strikingly shown 
in the forest trees. The relationship to the flora of Russia and Siberia is 
quite evident, though of less physiognomic value. A number of other floral 
elements are represented in the Carpathian flora but to a much less degree. — 
Pax next considers the distribution of the endemic plants, and finds almost 
complete harmony between the two. The volume closes with a presentation : 
of the historical development of the Carpathian flora from the Tertiary to the 4 
present, the discussion of the influence of the ice age on the vegetation hav- 
ing special interest and also the conclusion with regard to the paths along 
which migrations have occurred.— Henry C. COWLES. | 
Flower ecology. 
AFTER INDUSTRIOUS work on the pollination and insect relations of the 
floras of the North Frisian islands, Hallig islands, Helgoland, Rigen, 
Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg, Pomerania, Westphalia, Nassau, Thiir- 
ingia, Switzerland and Capri, and the investigation of many special cases, 
the distinguished anthoecologist of Kiel has undertaken a general review a s 
the fundamental propositions of the subject, the literature and the results of | : 
of the various modes of pollination and correlated phenomena: \') ~ 
of pollination and separation of forms of flowers; (2) Autogamy) (3) = 
Geitonogamy ; (4) Xenogamy ; (5) Heterostyly ; (6) Cleistogamy, (7) 5 
thenogenesis ; (8) Flower classes ; (9) Flower visiting insects ; (10) Me . 
of investigation. The extent to which these topics are elaborated may ee 
indicated by the note that 262 pages (including index) are devoted to ee ; 
‘KnurtH, PauL: Handbuch der Bliitenbiologie unter Zugrundelegung _ ere 
mann Miiller’s Werk “ Die Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insekten.” Vol. I. PP: pei 
Vol. II, part 1. pp. 697. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. 1898. i 
