452 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [ DECEMBER 
along streams are thickets with a dominance of willows; the only formations 
with tall trees are the poplar forests. The influence of man on the flora of 
the plains and hills has been very great, especially in the destruction of 
forests. 
On the mountains below the timber line mountain meadows are found 
quite commonly. In the calcareous regions there are peculiar funnel-shaped 
depressions formed by the erosion of the limestone. These depressions are 
called Do/inen, and their flora is more or less xerophytic. The rock forma- 
tions of course are well developed, and the author divides them into calcare- 
ous and eugeogenous, the latter with a much richer plant covering. 
term eugeogenous was introduced years ago by Thurmann; it means easily 
decomposed into good soil.) There are low forest thickets (Buschwald) 
in very many places, representing a second growth. There are two true 
forest types, the oak forests and the subalpine forests with a dominance of 
beeches. 
Above the timber line there are subalpine meadows, heaths and thickets. 
Higher up are alpine mats and extensive lithophytic formations. The influ- 
ence of man becomes less and'less evident as the altitude increases. The 
last chapter gives a short summary of the most important results. Adamovic 
Subdivides eastern Servia into four altitudinous regions based on barometric 
measurements. (1) The regions of plains and hills reaches up to 600", and 
is characterized by the almost entire absence of forests, a condition wholly 
due to the influence of man. The areas once wooded are occupied by culture 
plants, mainly cereals, hemp, tobacco, and melons. The hillsides are cov- 
ered by vineyards and fruit trees. The vegetation belongs to Drude’s Pontic 
type, mixed with some Mediterranean elements. The average annual tem- 
perature is 11.5°C., and the vegetation period is ten months, (2) The moun- 
tain region extends from 600™ up to 1100". Culture formations are much 
less abundant, the Mediterranean floral elements have disappeared, the Pontic 
elements are less abundant, and the characteristic vegetation of central Europe 
is preeminent. The low second growth timber is the most common formation. 
The mean temperature is 9.5°C. and the vegetation period nine months. (3) 
The subalpine region extends between 1100™ and 1660". The beech forests 
have replaced the oak and the second growth. The heaths and subalpine 
meadows are also prominent. The floral elements coincide mainly with the 
mountain zone of central Europe. The average temperature is from 7° to 
8°C. and the growing period less than eight months. (4) The alpine region 
has no culture formations and the dominant landscape features are given by 
rocks and the variegated alpine mats. The floral elements are a mixture of 
the alpine types of central Europe and endemic types. The mean tempera- 
ture is about 6°C. and the vegetation period scarcely six months.— HENRY 
C. CowLeEs. 
