24 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I47 



control undertaken by the National Park Service itself in April and 

 May 1925 (letter to the director from Superintendent Pinkley, 

 Dec. 24, 1925). Further experimentation was pursued during the 

 summers of 1927 and 1928 under personal supervision of Martin 

 L. Jackson, at that time custodian of Montezuma Castle National 

 Monument, Camp Verde, Ariz. The Pueblo Bonito Expeditions 

 used no cement in their repair work. 



As stated heretofore, I regard Pueblo Bonito as the creation of 

 two distinct peoples, the Old Bonitians and the Late Bonitians. They 

 vanished 800 years ago, but we may know them from their distinc- 

 tive architecture and the products of lesser industries (Judd, 1954). 

 Presumably both peoples were born under the well-known Pueblo 

 matrilineal system wherein the mother ruled the family and owned 

 the house. Men might help with the heavier work of construction — 

 quarrying stone, fetching and placing beams — but the women pre- 

 sumably laid the walls and plastered them, as women still did when 

 Bourke (1884) and Mindelefif (1891) visited the Hopi and Zuiii 

 villages. At that time family quarters might consist of one room or 

 half a dozen. Building and plastering normally were late winter or 

 springtime tasks when melting snow filled nearby pools. Living 

 rooms were to the fore, storerooms at the rear or underneath. 



Old Bonito was a Pueblo II community in every respect, built of 

 wall- width slabs of sandstone, each slab spalled around the edge 

 "much as a flint blade would be chipped" — to quote Morris's (1939, 

 p. 34) singularly apt description — and held one upon another by mud 

 mortar pressed into place with bare fingers (pi. 10, 1). Wherever 

 seen about the pueblo, house walls of this character identify the 

 builders as Old Bonitians. 



The exterior rear wall of Old Bonito, double-thick at floor level, 

 had no door. Outside and upon 4 to 6 feet of sand wind-piled 

 against that rear wall, Late Bonitian architects erected a single row 

 of rooms embodying the first of their three principal varieties of 

 stonework. To compensate for the slanting exterior of Old Bonito 

 the abutting new masonry was backed with building waste or, where 

 space invited, it rose to form a succession of wedge-shaped store- 

 rooms, as from 101 east to Room 298 (fig. 4). One gains the im- 

 pression this addition was erected primarily to conceal the haphazard 

 irregularity of the old wall. 



In sharp contrast to that of Old Bonito, Late Bonitian masonry 

 consists of a rubblework core faced on both sides by a veneer of 

 neatly fitted sandstone blocks. Foundations are of roughly broken. 



