26 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I47 



stonework of the Old Bonitians is commonly overlooked. This latter 

 never changed; it remained the same from beginning to end — wall- 

 thick slabs of spalled sandstone bedded in mud mortar and stometimes 

 studded with thin stone chips (pi. 11, right). Late Bonitian builders 

 erected second-story, and possibly third-story, partitions upon pine 

 beams bridging lower rooms at ceiling level but the Old Bonitians 

 never attempted this architectural feat so far as we know. Nor did 

 they introduce longitudinal stringers within a wall to equalize vertical 

 pressure. 



In an effort to illustrate the relationship of these four kinds of 

 masonry, one to another, I marked out three separate cross sections 

 with the expectation of showing thereon all pertinent data from our 

 excavations. That the results (figs. 13-15) are less than anticipated 

 may be attributed to my unwillingness to risk visible structures in 

 order to bare others deeply buried. Figure 2 is of the ground floor 

 only; our data pertaining to individual rooms, upper and lower, are 

 condensed in Appendices A and B. 



Old Bonitian and Late Bonitian homes had their similarities and 

 their dissimilarities. They differed in size, construction, and built-in 

 fittings. Of 43 Old Bonitian ground floor rooms for which data 

 are available, ceiling height averages 7 feet and floor area 12QJ 

 square feet. Of 86 first-story Late Bonitian rooms (12 of second- 

 type construction; 40, third-type; 34, fourth-type) ceiling height 

 averages 8 feet 5^ inches; floor area averages a fraction over 142 

 square feet and increases with each advance in masonry. 



Ceilings. — Late Bonitian ceilings consisted of carefully selected 

 pine and fir beams and poles supporting successive layers of dressed 

 willows or pine boards, cedar bark, and adobe mud (pi. 12, upper). 

 Old Bonitian ceilings, on the other hand, were casual assemblages of 

 whatever materials lay near at hand : cottonwood, pine, pinyon, or 

 juniper logs covered with brush, reeds or grass, cornstalks, and other 

 chance gleanings (pi. 12, lower). Old Bonitian beam ends are char- 

 acteristically conical, the beaverlike gnawing of a stone ax unmis- 

 takable. 



Late Bonitian beams, ceiling poles, and door lintels were of se- 

 lected straight-grained timbers, felled and peeled while green, and 

 the knots rubbed off. Ceiling poles normally were seated in the wall 

 masonry a couple inches but beams continued all the way through, 

 their ends cut to a previously incised line, smoothed by a sandstone 

 abrader and mudded over when the wall was plastered (pis. 13, 

 right; 52, right). A flint chip marked the limiting line and Late 



