NO. I ARCHITECTURE OF PUEBLO BONITO — JUDD 33 



Six feet of wind-borne sand had piled up against the rear wall of 

 Old Bonitian Room 5 before the Late Bonitians built Room 203 upon 

 that sand (fig. 14). Sand continued to accumulate while second-type 

 masonry was in vogue. Around on the west side of tlie village it 

 had accumulated to a depth of 3 feet 9 inches above approximate 

 floor level of 3 unexcavated and unnumbered second-type rooms be- 

 fore Late Bonitian architects began their third-type Room 117 

 (pi. 37, upper). 



Chaco Canyon's inexhaustible sand is carried on the prevailing 

 upcanyon winds by day and back again at night, but our efforts to 

 measure its rate of deposition proved unsuccessful. By early June 

 one season a foot of sand had settled in the lee of a packing box I 

 had anchored 50 feet west of Room 115 the previous fall and an un- 

 known quantity had blown unchecked across the top. Bryan (1954, 

 p. 21) estimated that 4-6 feet of blown sand had collected on the north 

 side of Pueblo Bonito during the period 1900-1921 or at the rate of 3 

 inches a year. My own guess would double that rate. Wind-borne 

 sand bulked large in every stratigraphic section we laid bare, including 

 those in the two south refuse mounds. 



Until 1903 when wind-blown sand barred the way, Hyde Expedi- 

 tion freight wagons traveled the old Farmington road across the 

 mouth of Escavada Wash and northward (Bryan, 1954, fig. 1). 

 Later, a substitute road left the Chaco by way of Mockingbird Can- 

 yon; still later, and currently, by way of the rocky Rincon del 

 Camino. In 1920 drifted sand forced our reconnaissance wagon, old- 

 time freighter Jack Martin at the whip, far out into the arroyo chan- 

 nel as we left Chaco Canyon, crossed the Escavada, and turned 

 toward Farmington. 



Defensive measures. — Bonitian families had scant protection 

 against wind-driven sand, but they did their best to guard against 

 marauding enemy bands. There was no door in the outside, rear wall 

 of Old Bonito, but outside doors were provided for each room, upper 

 and lower, in the 2-story row of second-type-masonry houses the 

 Late Bonitians built to enclose the old settlement. And each of these 

 Late Bonitian doors, to judge by the duplicating stonework, was 

 sealed almost immediately and left sealed. Not until the 19th century 

 was that blocking masonry pried loose (pis. 19, right; 26, upper). 



In their next two constructional programs Late Bonitian archi- 

 tects presumably allowed only three external first-story doorways, 

 those in Rooms 118, 154, and 155, and each of these likewise had 

 been blocked. Only one outside second-story door was permitted so 



