NO. I ARCHITECTURE OF PUEBLO BONITO JUDD 43 



and culminated on the Mesa Verde itself in such composite cave 

 communities as Spruce-tree House and Cliff Palace, with their dis- 

 tinctive pottery and numerous ceremonial chambers or kivas. 



So-called Mesa Verde-type kivas may differ from place to place 

 but they retain as fairly constant fixtures an encircling bench about 

 3 feet high, six masonry pilasters rising 2 to 3 feet higher, a deep 

 above-bench recess or "banquette" at the south with a floor-level 

 ventilator underneath and, between fireplace and north bench, a 

 cylindrical hole in the floor, the sipapu, symbolic passageway from 

 the underworld (Kidder, 1924, p. 60). 



Chaco Canyon kivas, on the other hand, have low, log-enclosed 

 supports for their cribbed ceilings rather than 3- foot-high masonry 

 pilasters. They have a shallow in-bench recess at the south, a sub- 

 floor ventilator connecting with an external shaft, and a sunken 

 "vault" of unknown function west of the fireplace. They lack the 

 deep, above-bench south banquette of Mesa Verde kivas and they lack 

 the sipapu. In all the Society's Chaco Canyon investigations no 

 kiva-floor hole was found that could positively be identified as a 

 sipapu except, possibly, that in Kiva Q. But, as we shall see, both 

 Mesa Verde-type and Chaco-type kivas occur at Pueblo Bonito. 



Throughout the Mesa Verde country and southward many archeo- 

 logical sites, early and late, display a mixture of elements considered 

 distinctive either of the Mesa Verde culture or the Chaco. Morris's 

 Site 39, at the junction of La Plata River and Barker Arroyo, includes 

 a number of buildings evidencing occupancy from BM. Ill to late 

 P. Ill, or Mesa Verde, times (Morris, 1939, pp. 50-55). Building I, 

 a late structure, is noticeably Chaco-like in its planned arrangement ; 

 refuse piled on the north side contained many sherds that "in quality 

 of paste, surface treatment, and ornamentation, might have come 

 from the dump of Pueblo Bonito." But, the smaller of its two intra- 

 mural kivas, No. 6, had eight masonry pilasters 3 feet high, a sub- 

 floor ventilator, a shallow basal recess at the south, and a 39-inch-deep 

 banquette above — a combination of Chaco-like and Mesa Verde-like 

 fixtures. 



Beneath Building I were remains of a Pueblo II cobblestone 

 structure that included four small kivas of which Morris cleared two. 

 One of these was typical of the Mesa Verde but its companion. Num- 

 ber 1, had a 9-inch- wide bench without pilasters, a south recess 6 

 inches deep, a sipapu, and an under-floor ventilating system — the only 

 instance, if I read correctly, in which a subfloor ventilator is reported 

 in a Pueblo II kiva. Here, then, as in the overlying Pueblo III build- 



