44 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I47 



ing, architectural features that later came to distinguish Mesa Verde 

 and Chaco-type kivas appear together in the same chamber. 



Presumably all circular kivas, irrespective of period and locality, 

 evolved from BM. Ill — P. I pit-houses wherein family living quarters 

 were combined with an area set apart for rituals. Brew (1946) 

 describes 14 such combinations at Site 13 on Alkali Ridge, south- 

 eastern Utah. No two are exactly alike. With one exception (N) 

 all had four roof -supporting posts, a restricted area at the south, 

 and a low passageway to an antechamber. Some had a sipapu or 

 possible sipapu ; 3 ( B, E, M ) were lined at floor edge with 2-inch- 

 diameter posts, upright or leaning inward; one (H) had a three- 

 quarter bench and upright posts at the rear of it. 



Small posts slanting roofward from the rim of a pit-house, 

 or from its "bench" when the pit was deeper, are characteristic 

 of the Pueblo I period. They have been noted, north and south, 

 wherever pit-dwellings are known and will be cited again in our 

 description of P. Ill kivas at Pueblo Bonito. By their own charred 

 timbers, a majority of dated pit-houses apparently were constructed 

 in the 8th century. As previously noted, at least two of them occur in 

 Chaco Canyon. 



One-story surface structures walled by posts packed between 

 with mud — a specialty of Pueblo I architects — often accompanied 

 BM. Ill and P. I pit-dwellings. Roberts (1930) describes three dif- 

 ferent kinds of post-and-mud structures in the Piedra district, east of 

 the Mesa Verde, each kind grouped crescentically about the north and 

 west edges of the pit that supplied mud for house walls. Pueblo I 

 post-stone-and-mud construction persisted on Alkali Ridge even 

 after local pottery had developed into types generally recognized as 

 Pueblo II (Brew, 1946, p. 222). Rocks crowded into the mud be- 

 tween posts led to coursed stonework and single-coursed masonry has 

 long been regarded, sometimes incorrectly, as a badge of Pueblo II 

 civilization. 



Lancaster and Pinkley (1954) describe a remarkable sequence 

 of three superposed P. II kivas at Site 16, Mesa Verde National Park, 

 each provided with sipapu and lateral ventilator. The first was a 

 simple 4-post jacal structure while the second was walled with "single- 

 coursed" masonry and the third, with "double-coursed" stonework 

 including blocks dressed by pecking. Alone among the three, this 

 uppermost Site 16 kiva possessed masonry pilasters (eight in num- 

 ber, 2 feet high) and a deep south recess — features that thenceforth 

 were to distinguish Mesa Verde kivas. 



