46 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I47 



posts that preceded pilasters. Roberts (1939, p. 35) advances the A^ery 

 plausible thought that stones piled behind a weakened roof support 

 led to masonry pilasters and that these latter eventually supplanted 

 posts altogether. Kivas at Brew's Sites 3 and 9, one with four masonry 

 pilasters and the other with four roof -supporting posts, were both 

 bowl-shaped and seem likely forerunners of the bowl-shaped P. II 

 kivas at Old Bonito. 



From his investigations at Whitewater, Roberts (1939) points to 

 two bench- wide adobe ridges in Structure 12 as possible antecedents 

 of the low Chaco-type pilaster and to the subfloor ventilator in 

 Kiva B, Unit 2 — the only one observed at Whitewater — as one of the 

 earliest of its kind. Both Kiva B and Structure 12 are described 

 as Developmental Pueblo, or P. II ; both were provided with the sym- 

 bolic sipapu. But the subfloor ventilator was installed when Kiva B 

 was reconditioned and a new floor laid. The possibility remains, there- 

 fore, although Roberts does not hazard the guess, that this renovation 

 of a P. II kiva occurred coincident with construction of two nearby 

 P. Ill house units and a Great Kiva, each of which possesses undeni- 

 able Chaco affinities and may be more or less contemporaneous with 

 the Village of the Great Kivas on the Zuni Reservation, which is 

 definitely P. Ill in time and possibly even post-Bonito (Roberts, 

 1932, p. 169). 



The subfloor ventilator in the P. II kiva beneath Morris's Build- 

 ing I, Site 39, appears to be fully developed (Morris, 1939, p. 53). 

 Since there is no hint here of reconstruction, this second example may 

 be older than that in Roberts's rebuilt Kiva B. In either case the two 

 apparently identify the subfloor ventilator — one of the most pro- 

 nounced differences between Mesa Verde and Chaco kivas — as a P. II 

 innovation. I know of none earlier. Two earthenware vessels crushed 

 upon the floor of his buried kiva are also identified by Morris as 

 Pueblo II. 



There is still disagreement as to the actuality of P. II pottery 

 just as there is dispute as to what constitutes Mancos Black-on-white 

 and McElmo Black-on-white. Martin (1936, pp. 80-94) first de- 

 scribed Mancos Black-on-white from Lowry Ruin where it was 

 present "from earliest times, rising and then gradually decreasing in 

 percentage" and, as it decreased, McElmo Black-on- white, "formerly 

 known as proto-Mesa Verde," rose in favor (ibid., p. 113). In part 

 because these two varieties were associated at Lowry, Martin classified 

 the ruin as "late P. II — early P. Ill" in time and culture but with 

 strong Chaco affiliations. Indeed, his Mancos Black-on-white re- 



