NO. I ARCHITECTURE OF PUEBLO BONITO JUDD 53 



Nelson recalled his observations at Acoma pueblo where house con- 

 struction and orientation reminded him of ruins in Chaco Canyon 

 although he saw no comparable affiliations in local pottery. 



At Kiatuthlanna (1931), the Village of the Great Kivas (1932), 

 and at Whitewater ( 1939, 1940) , Roberts laid bare a cultural sequence 

 extending from BM. Ill and P. I pit-houses to the terraced buildings 

 of Pueblo III. Echoes from the Chaco were everywhere present and 

 so were traits from the Mesa Verde country. With the sipapu an 

 almost constant feature and base slabs overlain by coursed masonry 

 occurring more frequently than is customary for their kind, the 

 Whitewater pit-houses may represent a local architectural advance 

 over those elsewhere or they may reflect usurpation of existing dwell- 

 ings by later immigrants. Pit-house Number 2, for example, provided 

 a tree-ring date of A.D. 814 while a room in Unit 3, a P. II building, 

 gave one 200 years later, A.D. 1014, obviously late for a P. II struc- 

 ture. Summarizing his researches in this area, Roberts wrote (1939, 

 p. 263) "the ruins . . . represent a peripheral lag in the Chaco 

 pattern and, despite many recent expressions of opinion to the con- 

 trary, the flow of influence was from the Chaco . . . and not the 

 reverse." 



The Village of the Great Kivas on the Zuiii Reservation with its late 

 Chaco masonry and pottery (Roberts, 1932) ; the two pre-Zuiii kivas 

 near Hawikuh (Hodge, 1923) ; the typically Chaco black-on- white 

 pottery from small-house sites south of Fort Defiance, Ariz. (Kidder, 

 1924, p. 56) ; the two earth-walled kivas at Site LA 2505 about 20 

 miles north of Gallup, N. Mex., one (B) with a deep south banquette, 

 sipapu, above-floor ventilator, and tree-ring dates of A.D. 1020 and 

 1047 (Smiley, 1951, p. 26), and the other (A) with a lateral ventilator 

 sealed and replaced by one of the subfloor variety (Bullard and 

 Cassidy, 1956) ; the late Chaco masonry, Chaco-like pottery, and a 

 Great Kiva in Manuelito Wash, south of Gallup (Reed, 1944, p. 167 ; 

 Judd, 1954, p. 34), and Seltzer's comparative data (1944, p. 17) on 

 Old Zuni and Pueblo Bonito skulls, all offer strong support for the 

 theory of a southward trek from Chaco Canyon in the twelfth 

 century or thereabout. 



Gladwin (1945), Martin (1936), and O'Bryan (1950) are among 

 those who see the Chaco Culture rising from BM. Ill and P. I pit- 

 houses of the Little Colorado-Puerco drainage and spreading thence 

 northward through increasingly larger settlements to its demise in 

 Chaco Canyon. Roberts and the present writer see distribution in the 



