NO. I ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS FEWKES 37 



border of rectangular rooms, situated at the mouth of the McElmo. 

 The dimensions of this so-called tower are reported to be " almost " 

 the same as the Great Tower. The author regards these as examples 

 of an architectural type related to towers, from which it is distin- 

 guished not only by size, but also, especially, by the arrangement of 

 rooms on their peripheries. The internal structure of the tower type 

 is little known, but in none of these buildings has the author detected 

 peripheral rooms separated by radial partitions, although one of these 

 radial partitions is found in kiva A of Sun Temple. The original 

 building of the last mentioned ruin, although D-shaped, has a mor- 

 phological similarity in the arrangement of peripheral rooms to the 

 " Great Tower " of the San Juan, or that on the alluvial flat in the 

 Mancos, and the " Triple-wall Tower " room of the McElmo, save 

 that the so-called innermost of the triple walls is replaced in Sun 

 Temple by two circular walls, side by side, forming kivas B and C. 



The tower, with annexed rectangular rooms, like its homologue, the 

 circular kiva with similar adjacent chambers surrounding it, is 

 practically the " unit type," a stage of pueblo development pointed out 

 by Doctor Prudden,' who does not make as much as would the author 

 of the intra-mural condition of the kiva, or its compact union with 

 domiciliary rooms. Far View House on the Mesa Verde is a good 

 example of this union of form, characteristic of the " unit type " or 

 compact pueblo with embedded circular kivas, one of which is central, 

 probably the first constructed, and of large size. Such compact 

 pueblos are numerous on the Mesa Verde, judging from central 

 depressions in mounds, and characteristic of the San Juan, at least of 

 its northern tributaries. The previous stage in pueblo development is 

 that in which the sanctuary or tower (kiva) and habitation are dis- 

 tinct. The extra-mural circular kiva,' or circular room separated 

 from the house masses either in courts, as in Rectangular and Round 

 villages, or situated outside the same as in " Line villages," like Walpi, 

 or pyramidal forms, is like Zuni or Taos and more modern pueblos. 

 This modification is widely distributed in ruins south of the San Juan, 

 still persisting in several modern pueblos. 



The above observations have an important bearing on the author's 

 differentiation of the village Indians of the Southwest, into two 



' Op. cit., also, The Circular Kiva of Small Ruins in the San Juan Watershed. 

 Amer. Anthr. Jan. -March, 1914. 



' The intra-rectangular kivas of such pueblos as Zuni are comparatively 

 modern, but their position is explained in a very different way from that of 

 the intra-mural circular kivas characteristic of the ruins of the San Juan. 



